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1 # @(#)europe 8.10
2 # <pre>
4 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
8 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
10 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
11 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
12 #
13 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
14 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
15 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
16 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
17 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 #
19 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
20 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
21 #
22 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 #
24 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
25 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
26 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 #
28 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
29 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
30 # </a> (1914-03)
31 #
32 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
33 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
34 # History of Summer Time
35 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
37 #
38 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
39 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
40 # Corrections are welcome!
41 # std dst 2dst
42 # LMT Local Mean Time
43 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
44 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
45 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
46 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
47 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
48 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
49 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
50 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
51 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
52 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
53 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
54 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
55 #
56 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
57 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
59 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
60 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
61 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
62 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
63 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
66 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
67 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
68 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
69 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
70 # ...
71 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
72 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
73 # ...
74 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
75 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
76 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
77 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
78 # in the Directive.
81 ###############################################################################
83 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
85 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
86 #
87 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
88 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
89 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
90 # of the text said:
91 #
92 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
93 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
94 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
95 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
96 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
97 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
98 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
99 #
100 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
101 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
102 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
103 #
104 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
106 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
107 #
108 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
109 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
110 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
111 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
112 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
113 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
114 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
115 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
116 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
117 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
118 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
119 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
120 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
121 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
122 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
123 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
124 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
125 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
126 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
127 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
128 #
129 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
130 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
131 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
133 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
134 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
135 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
136 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
137 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
138 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
139 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
140 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
141 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
142 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
143 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
144 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
145 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
146 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
147 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
148 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
150 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
151 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
152 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
153 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
154 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
155 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
156 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
157 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
158 # </a>
160 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
161 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
162 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
163 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
164 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
166 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
167 #
168 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
169 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
171 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
172 # From: Jonathan Leffler
173 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
174 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
175 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
177 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
178 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
179 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
180 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
181 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
183 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
184 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
185 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
186 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
188 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
189 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
190 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
191 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
192 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
193 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
194 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
195 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
197 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
198 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
199 # which is to be introduced in May....
200 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
201 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
203 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
204 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
205 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
206 # so we use `BDST'.
208 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
209 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
210 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
211 # and extending this list, which can be found in
212 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
213 # History of legal time in Britain
214 # </a>
216 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
217 #
218 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
219 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
220 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
221 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
222 # </a>.
224 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
225 #
226 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
227 #
228 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
229 # are incorrect:
230 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
231 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
232 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
233 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
234 # It actually just had one transition.
235 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
236 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
237 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
238 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
239 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
240 #
241 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
242 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
243 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
244 # conform with Great Britain.
245 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
246 #
247 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
248 # we'll ignore it for now.
249 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
250 #
251 #
252 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
253 # Shanks & Pottenger.
254 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
255 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
256 # to London. For example:
257 #
258 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
259 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
261 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
262 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
263 # various relating to legal time, for example:
264 #
265 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
266 #
267 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
268 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
269 #
270 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
271 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
272 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
273 #
274 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
275 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
276 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
277 #
278 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
279 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
280 #
281 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
282 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
283 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
284 #
285 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
286 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
287 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
288 # being GMT+1.)
290 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
291 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
292 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
293 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
294 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
295 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
296 # and Frethun run in CT.
297 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
298 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
299 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
300 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
301 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
302 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
304 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
305 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
306 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
307 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
308 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
309 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
310 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
313 # Summer Time Act, 1916
314 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
315 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
316 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
317 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
319 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
320 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
321 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
322 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
323 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
324 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
325 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
326 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
327 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
328 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
329 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
330 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
333 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
335 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
336 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
338 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
341 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
342 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
353 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
354 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
355 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
357 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
359 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
360 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
361 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
362 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
363 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
364 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
365 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
366 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
367 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
368 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
370 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
372 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
375 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
378 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
380 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
381 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
382 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
383 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
385 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
386 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
388 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
394 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
395 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
396 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
399 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
400 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
401 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
405 # (no summer time)
406 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
407 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
409 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
410 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
411 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
413 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
415 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
416 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
417 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
418 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
419 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
420 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
423 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
424 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
425 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
427 0:00 EU GMT/BST
428 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
429 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
430 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
431 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
432 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
433 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
434 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
435 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
436 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
437 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
440 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
441 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
443 0:00 EU GMT/IST
445 ###############################################################################
447 # Continental Europe
449 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
450 # Common Market, etc.
452 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
454 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
455 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
456 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
458 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
460 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
461 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
462 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
463 # </a>
465 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
466 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
467 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
468 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
469 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
471 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
473 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
474 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
475 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
476 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
477 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
478 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
479 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
480 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
484 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
485 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
486 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
487 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
488 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
489 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
490 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
491 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
493 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
494 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
495 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
496 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
497 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
498 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
499 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
501 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
502 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
503 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
504 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
505 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
506 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
507 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
508 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
509 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
510 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
511 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
512 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
513 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
514 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
515 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
516 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
517 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
518 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
519 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
520 #
521 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
522 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
523 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
524 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
525 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
527 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
529 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
531 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
535 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
536 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
538 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
539 # The official German names ... are
540 #
541 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
542 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
543 #
544 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
545 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
546 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
547 #
548 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
549 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
550 # Postfach 3345
551 # D-38023 Braunschweig
552 # phone: +49 531 592-0
553 #
554 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
555 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
556 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
557 #
558 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
559 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
562 # Albania
563 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
565 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
566 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
567 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
568 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
569 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
570 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
571 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
572 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
573 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
574 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
575 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
576 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
577 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
579 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
580 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
581 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
582 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
583 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
584 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
585 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
586 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
587 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
588 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
589 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
590 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
591 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
592 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
593 1:00 EU CE%sT
595 # Andorra
596 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
597 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
598 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
599 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
600 1:00 EU CE%sT
602 # Austria
604 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
605 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
606 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
607 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
608 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
609 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
611 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
612 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
613 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
614 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
615 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
616 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
617 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
619 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
620 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
621 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
622 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
623 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
625 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
626 1:00 - CET 1946
627 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
628 1:00 EU CE%sT
630 # Belarus
631 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
632 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
633 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
634 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
635 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
636 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
637 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
638 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
639 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
640 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
641 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
642 2:00 Russia EE%sT
644 # Belgium
645 #
646 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
647 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
648 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
649 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
650 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
651 # pp 8-9.
652 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
653 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
654 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
655 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
656 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
657 #
658 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
659 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
660 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
661 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
662 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
663 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
664 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
665 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
666 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
667 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
668 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
669 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
670 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
671 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
672 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
673 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
674 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
675 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
676 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
679 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
680 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
682 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
683 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
685 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
686 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
689 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
691 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
692 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
693 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
694 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
695 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
696 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
697 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
698 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
699 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
700 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
701 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
702 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
703 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
704 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
705 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
706 1:00 EU CE%sT
708 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
709 # see Serbia
711 # Bulgaria
712 #
713 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
714 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
715 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
716 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
717 #
718 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
719 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
720 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
721 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
722 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
723 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
724 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
725 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
726 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
727 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
729 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
730 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
731 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
732 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
733 2:00 EU EE%sT
735 # Croatia
736 # see Serbia
738 # Cyprus
739 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
741 # Czech Republic
742 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
745 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
746 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
747 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
748 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
750 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
751 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
752 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
754 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
755 1:00 EU CE%sT
757 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
759 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
760 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
761 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
762 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
763 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
764 #
765 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
766 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
767 #
768 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
769 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
770 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
771 #
772 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
773 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
774 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
775 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
776 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
777 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
778 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
779 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
780 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
781 # was suspended on that night):
782 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
784 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
785 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
786 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
788 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
789 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
790 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
792 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
793 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
794 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
795 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
796 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
798 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
799 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
800 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
801 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
802 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
803 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
804 #
805 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
806 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
807 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
808 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
810 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
811 1:00 EU CE%sT
812 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
813 0:00 - WET 1981
814 0:00 EU WE%sT
815 #
816 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
817 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
818 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
819 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
820 #
821 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
822 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
823 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
824 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
825 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
826 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
828 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
829 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
830 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
831 #
832 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
833 # is according to the following time line:
834 #
835 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
836 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
837 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
838 # Danmarkshavn UTC
839 #
840 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
841 # introduced.
843 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
844 #
845 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
846 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
847 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
848 # info from earlier correspondence.]
849 #
850 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
851 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
852 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
853 #
854 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
855 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
856 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
857 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
858 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
859 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
860 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
861 #
862 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
863 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
864 #
865 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
866 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
867 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
868 #
869 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
870 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
871 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
872 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
873 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
875 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
876 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
877 # there at 2:00 AM.
879 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
880 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
881 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
882 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
883 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
884 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
885 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
886 #
887 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
889 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
890 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
891 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
892 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
893 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
894 #
895 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
896 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
897 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
898 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
899 0:00 - GMT
900 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
901 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
902 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
903 -1:00 EU EG%sT
904 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
905 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
906 -3:00 EU WG%sT
907 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
908 -4:00 Thule A%sT
910 # Estonia
911 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
912 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
913 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
914 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
915 #
916 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
917 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
918 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
919 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
920 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
921 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
922 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
923 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
924 # summer time next spring.''
926 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
927 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
928 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
929 # </a>
930 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
931 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
932 #
933 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
934 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
935 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
937 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
938 # via Steffen Thorsen:
939 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
940 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
941 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
942 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
943 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
944 # after that.
946 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
947 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
948 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
949 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
951 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
952 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
953 # Now we are using again EU rules.
954 #
955 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
956 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
960 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
962 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
963 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
964 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
965 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
966 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
967 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
968 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
969 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
970 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
971 2:00 EU EE%sT
973 # Finland
974 #
975 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
976 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
977 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
978 #
979 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
980 # Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
981 # since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
982 #
983 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
984 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
985 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
986 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
988 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
989 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
990 2:00 EU EE%sT
992 # Aaland Is
993 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
996 # France
998 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
999 #
1000 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1001 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1002 #
1003 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1004 # Paris, 1991
1005 #
1006 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1007 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1010 #
1011 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1012 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1013 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1014 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1015 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1016 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1017 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1018 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1019 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1020 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1021 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1022 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1023 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1024 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1025 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1026 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1027 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1028 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1029 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1030 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1031 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1032 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1033 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1034 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1035 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1036 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1037 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1038 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1039 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1040 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1041 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1042 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1043 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1044 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1045 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1046 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1047 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1048 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1049 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1050 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1051 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1052 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1053 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1054 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1055 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1056 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1057 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1058 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1059 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1060 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1061 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1062 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1063 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1064 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1065 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1066 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1067 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1068 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1069 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1070 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1071 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1072 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1073 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1074 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1075 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1078 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1079 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1080 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1081 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1082 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1084 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1085 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1086 1:00 EU CE%sT
1088 # Germany
1090 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1091 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1092 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1093 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1095 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1096 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by <a
1097 # href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1098 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1100 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1101 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1102 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1103 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1104 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1107 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1108 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1109 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1110 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1111 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1112 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1113 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1114 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1115 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1116 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1117 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1118 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1119 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1120 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1121 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1122 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1123 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1124 1:00 EU CE%sT
1126 # Georgia
1127 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1128 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1129 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1131 # Gibraltar
1132 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1133 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1134 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1135 1:00 - CET 1982
1136 1:00 EU CE%sT
1138 # Greece
1139 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1140 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1141 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1142 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1143 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1144 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1145 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1147 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1148 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1149 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1150 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1151 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1152 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1154 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1155 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1156 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1158 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1159 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1160 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1161 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1162 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1164 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1165 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1166 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1167 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1168 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1169 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1170 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1171 2:00 EU EE%sT
1173 # Hungary
1174 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1175 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1176 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1177 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1178 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1179 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1180 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1181 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1182 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1183 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1185 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1188 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1189 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1190 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1191 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1192 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1193 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1194 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1195 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1196 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1197 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1198 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1199 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1200 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1201 1:00 EU CE%sT
1203 # Iceland
1204 #
1205 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1206 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1207 #
1208 # (1993-12-05):
1209 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1210 # Iceland Almanak.
1211 #
1212 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1213 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1214 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1215 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1216 #
1217 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1218 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1219 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1220 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1221 #
1222 # (1993-12-10):
1223 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1224 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1225 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1226 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1227 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1228 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1229 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1230 # might mean something else (???).
1231 #
1232 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1233 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1234 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1235 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1236 #
1237 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1238 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1239 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1240 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1241 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1242 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1243 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1244 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1245 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1247 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1249 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1250 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1251 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1252 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1253 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1254 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1255 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1256 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1257 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1258 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1259 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1260 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1261 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1262 0:00 - GMT
1264 # Italy
1265 #
1266 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1267 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1268 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1269 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1270 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1271 # so record only the time in Rome.
1272 #
1273 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1274 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1275 # F. Pollastri
1276 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1277 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1278 # </a>
1279 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1280 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1281 #
1282 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1283 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1284 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1285 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1286 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1287 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1288 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1289 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1290 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1291 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1292 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1293 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1294 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1295 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1296 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1297 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1298 #
1299 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1300 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1301 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1302 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1303 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1304 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1305 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1306 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1307 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1308 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1309 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1310 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1311 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1313 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1314 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1315 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1316 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1317 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1319 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1320 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1321 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1322 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1323 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1324 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1326 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1327 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1328 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1329 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1330 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1332 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1334 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1335 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1336 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1337 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1338 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1339 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1340 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1341 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1342 1:00 EU CE%sT
1344 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1345 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1347 # Latvia
1349 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1351 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1352 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1353 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1354 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1355 #
1356 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1357 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1358 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1359 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1360 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1361 #
1362 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1363 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1364 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1365 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1366 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1367 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1368 #
1369 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1370 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1371 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1372 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1373 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1374 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1375 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1376 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1377 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1378 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1379 #
1380 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1381 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1382 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1384 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1385 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1386 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1387 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1388 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1390 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1391 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1392 # </a>
1393 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1394 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1395 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1396 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1397 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1398 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1399 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1400 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1401 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1402 # appears that they will not do so....
1404 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1405 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1406 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1407 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1409 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1410 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1411 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1412 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1413 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1414 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1415 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1416 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1417 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1418 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1419 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1420 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1421 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1422 2:00 EU EE%sT
1424 # Liechtenstein
1425 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1427 1:00 - CET 1981
1428 1:00 EU CE%sT
1430 # Lithuania
1432 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1433 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1434 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1436 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1437 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1438 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1440 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1441 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1442 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1443 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1444 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1445 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1446 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1447 # already done by Estonia.
1449 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1450 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1451 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1453 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1454 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1455 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1456 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1457 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1458 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1459 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1462 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1463 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1464 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1465 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1466 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1467 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1468 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1469 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1470 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1471 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1472 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1473 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1474 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1475 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1476 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1477 2:00 EU EE%sT
1479 # Luxembourg
1480 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1481 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1482 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1483 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1484 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1485 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1487 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1488 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1489 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1490 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1491 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1492 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1493 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1495 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1496 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1497 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1498 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1499 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1500 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1501 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1502 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1503 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1504 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1505 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1506 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1507 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1508 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1509 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1510 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1511 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1512 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1513 1:00 EU CE%sT
1515 # Macedonia
1516 # see Serbia
1518 # Malta
1519 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1520 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1521 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1522 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1524 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1525 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1526 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1527 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1528 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1529 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1530 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1531 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1532 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1533 1:00 EU CE%sT
1535 # Moldova
1537 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1538 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1539 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1540 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1541 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1542 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1543 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1544 # But [two people] separately reported via
1545 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1546 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1548 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1549 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1550 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1551 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1552 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1553 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1554 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1556 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1557 2:00 - EET 1991
1558 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1559 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1560 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1561 2:00 EU EE%sT
1563 # Monaco
1564 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1565 # more precise 0:09:21.
1566 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1567 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1568 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1569 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1570 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1571 1:00 EU CE%sT
1573 # Montenegro
1574 # see Serbia
1576 # Netherlands
1578 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1579 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1581 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1582 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1583 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1584 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1585 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1586 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1587 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1588 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1589 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1590 #
1591 # (2001-04-08):
1592 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1593 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1594 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1595 #
1596 # (2001-04-09):
1597 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1598 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1599 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1600 # actually followed.
1601 #
1602 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1603 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1604 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1605 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1606 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1607 #
1608 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1609 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1610 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1611 # Amsterdam mean time.
1613 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1614 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1617 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1618 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1619 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1620 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1621 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1622 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1623 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1624 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1625 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1626 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1627 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1628 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1629 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1630 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1631 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1632 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1633 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1634 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1635 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1636 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1637 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1638 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1639 #
1640 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1641 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1642 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1643 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1644 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1645 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1646 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1647 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1648 1:00 EU CE%sT
1650 # Norway
1651 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1652 # Pottenger.
1653 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1654 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1655 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1656 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1657 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1658 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1659 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1660 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1661 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1662 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1663 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1664 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1665 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1666 1:00 EU CE%sT
1668 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1670 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1671 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1672 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1673 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1674 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1675 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1676 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1677 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1678 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1679 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1680 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1681 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1682 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1683 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1684 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1685 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1686 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1687 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1689 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1690 #
1691 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1692 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1693 # keeping Berlin time.
1694 #
1695 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1696 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1697 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1698 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1699 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1700 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1701 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1702 #
1703 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1704 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1705 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1706 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1707 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1708 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1709 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1710 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1711 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1712 #
1713 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1714 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1715 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1716 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1717 Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
1719 # Poland
1720 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1721 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1722 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1724 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1725 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1726 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1727 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1728 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1729 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1730 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1731 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1732 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1733 # He also gives these further references:
1734 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1735 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1736 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1737 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1738 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1739 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1740 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1741 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1742 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1743 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1744 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1745 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1746 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1747 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1748 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1749 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1750 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1751 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1752 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1754 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1755 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1756 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1757 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1758 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1759 1:00 EU CE%sT
1761 # Portugal
1762 #
1763 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1764 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1765 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1766 #
1767 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1768 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1769 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1770 #
1771 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1772 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1773 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1774 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1775 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1776 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1777 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1778 #
1779 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1780 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1781 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1782 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1783 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1784 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1785 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1786 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1787 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1790 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1793 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1794 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1795 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1796 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1797 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1798 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1799 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1800 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1801 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1802 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1803 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1804 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1805 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1806 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1807 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1809 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1810 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1813 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1814 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1815 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1816 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1817 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1818 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1819 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1820 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1821 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1822 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1823 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1824 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1825 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1826 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1827 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1828 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1829 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1830 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1831 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1832 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1833 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1834 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1835 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1836 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1837 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1838 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1839 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1840 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1841 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1842 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1843 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1844 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1845 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1846 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1847 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1848 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1849 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1850 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1851 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1852 0:00 EU WE%sT
1853 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1854 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1855 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1856 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1857 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1858 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1859 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1860 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1861 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1862 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1863 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1864 0:00 EU WE%sT
1866 # Romania
1867 #
1868 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1869 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1870 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1871 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1872 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1873 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1874 #
1875 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1876 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1877 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1878 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1879 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1880 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1881 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1882 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1883 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1884 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1885 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1886 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1887 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1888 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1889 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1890 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1891 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1892 2:00 EU EE%sT
1894 # Russia
1896 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1897 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1898 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1899 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1900 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1901 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1902 #
1903 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1904 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1905 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1906 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1907 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1908 #
1909 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1910 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1911 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1912 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1913 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1914 #
1915 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1916 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1917 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1918 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1919 #
1920 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1921 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1922 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1923 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1924 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1925 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1926 #
1927 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1928 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1929 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1930 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1931 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1932 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1933 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1934 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1935 #
1936 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1937 #
1938 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1939 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1941 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1942 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1943 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1944 #
1945 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1946 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1947 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1948 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1949 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1950 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1951 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
1952 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
1953 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
1954 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
1955 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
1956 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
1957 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
1958 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
1959 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
1960 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
1961 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
1962 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
1963 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
1964 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
1965 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1966 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1967 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1968 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1969 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1970 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1971 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1972 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
1973 #
1974 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
1975 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
1976 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
1977 # others? But we have no data.
1978 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
1979 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
1980 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
1981 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
1982 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
1983 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1984 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1985 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
1986 #
1987 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1988 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
1989 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1990 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
1991 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
1992 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
1993 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1994 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1995 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1996 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1997 #
1998 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1999 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2000 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2001 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2002 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2003 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2004 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2005 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2006 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2007 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2008 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2009 #
2010 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2011 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2012 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2013 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2014 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2015 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2016 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2017 #
2018 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2019 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2020 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2021 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2022 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2023 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2024 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2025 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2026 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2027 #
2028 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2029 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2030 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2031 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2032 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2033 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2034 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2035 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2036 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2037 #
2038 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2039 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2040 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2041 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2042 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2043 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2044 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2045 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2047 #
2048 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2049 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2050 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2051 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2052 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2053 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2054 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2055 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2056 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2057 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2058 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2059 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2060 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2061 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2062 #
2063 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2064 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2065 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2066 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2067 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2068 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2069 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2070 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2071 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2072 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2073 #
2074 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2075 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2076 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2077 9:00 - CJT 1938
2078 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2079 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2080 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2081 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2082 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2083 #
2084 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2085 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2086 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2087 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2088 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2089 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2090 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2091 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2092 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2093 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2094 #
2095 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2096 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2097 #
2098 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2099 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2100 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2101 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2102 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2103 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2104 #
2105 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2106 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2107 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2108 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2109 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2110 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2111 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2113 # Serbia
2114 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2115 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2116 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2117 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2118 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2119 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2120 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2121 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2122 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2123 1:00 EU CE%sT
2124 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2125 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2126 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2127 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2128 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2130 # Slovakia
2131 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2133 # Slovenia
2134 # see Serbia
2136 # Spain
2137 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2138 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2139 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2140 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2141 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2142 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2143 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2145 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2146 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2147 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2148 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2149 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2150 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2154 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2155 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2156 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2158 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2159 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2160 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2161 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2162 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2163 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2164 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2165 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2166 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2167 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2168 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2169 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2170 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2171 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2172 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2173 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2174 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2175 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2176 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2177 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2178 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2179 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2180 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2181 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2182 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2183 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2184 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2185 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2186 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2187 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2189 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2190 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2191 1:00 EU CE%sT
2192 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2193 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2194 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2195 0:00 - WET 1924
2196 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2197 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2198 1:00 - CET 1986
2199 1:00 EU CE%sT
2200 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2201 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2202 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2203 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2204 0:00 EU WE%sT
2205 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2206 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2208 # Sweden
2210 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2211 #
2212 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2213 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2214 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2215 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2216 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2217 #
2218 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2219 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2220 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2221 #
2222 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2223 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2224 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2225 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2226 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2227 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2228 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2229 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2230 #
2231 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2232 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2233 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2234 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2235 #
2236 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2237 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2238 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2239 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2240 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2241 # the Sok-button).
2242 #
2243 # (2001-05-13):
2244 #
2245 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2246 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2247 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2248 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2249 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2250 # hour before the event took place.
2251 #
2252 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2255 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2256 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2257 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2258 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2259 1:00 - CET 1980
2260 1:00 EU CE%sT
2262 # Switzerland
2263 # From Howse:
2264 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2265 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2266 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2267 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2268 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2269 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2270 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2271 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2272 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2273 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2274 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2275 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2276 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2277 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2278 1:00 EU CE%sT
2280 # Turkey
2282 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2283 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2284 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2285 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2286 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2287 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2288 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2289 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2290 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2291 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2292 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2293 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2294 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2295 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2296 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2297 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2299 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2300 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2301 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2302 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2303 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2304 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2305 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2306 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2307 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2309 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2310 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2311 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2312 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2313 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2314 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2315 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2316 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2317 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2318 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2319 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2320 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2321 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2322 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2323 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2324 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2325 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2326 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2327 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2328 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2329 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2330 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2331 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2332 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2333 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2334 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2335 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2336 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2337 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2338 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2339 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2340 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2341 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2342 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2343 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2344 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2345 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2346 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2347 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2348 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2349 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2350 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2351 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2352 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2353 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2354 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2355 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2356 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2357 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2358 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2359 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2360 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2361 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2362 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2363 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2364 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2365 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2366 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2367 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2369 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2370 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2371 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2372 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2373 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2374 2:00 EU EE%sT
2375 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2377 # Ukraine
2378 #
2379 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2380 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2381 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2382 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2383 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2384 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2385 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2387 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2388 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2389 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2390 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2391 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2392 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2393 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2394 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2395 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2396 2:00 - EET 1992
2397 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2398 2:00 EU EE%sT
2399 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2400 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2401 1:00 - CET 1940
2402 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2403 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2404 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2405 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2406 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2407 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2408 2:00 - EET 1992
2409 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2410 2:00 EU EE%sT
2411 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2412 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
2413 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2414 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2415 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2416 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2417 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2418 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2419 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2420 2:00 EU EE%sT
2421 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2422 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2423 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2424 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2425 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2426 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2427 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2428 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2429 2:00 - EET 1992
2430 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2431 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2432 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2433 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2434 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2435 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2436 # changed in May.
2437 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2438 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2439 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2440 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2441 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2442 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2443 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2444 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2445 2:00 EU EE%sT
2447 ###############################################################################
2449 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2450 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2451 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2452 #
2453 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2454 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2455 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2456 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2457 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2458 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2460 # ...
2461 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2462 # From: Tom Hofmann
2463 # ...
2464 #
2465 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2466 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2467 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2468 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2469 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2470 # years...
2471 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2472 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2473 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2474 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2475 #
2476 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2477 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2478 #
2479 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2480 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2481 # ...
2483 # ...
2484 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2485 # From: Dik T. Winter
2486 # ...
2487 #
2488 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2489 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2490 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2491 #
2492 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2493 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2494 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2495 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2496 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2497 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2498 # dates...
2499 #
2500 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2501 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2502 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2503 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2504 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2505 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2506 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2507 # in advance of normal time.
2508 #
2509 # ...
2510 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2511 # ...
2513 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2514 # ...
2515 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2516 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2517 # ...
2518 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2519 # ...