1 Appendix A Installing the GNU C Library
2 ***************************************
4 Before you do anything else, you should read the file `FAQ' located at
5 the top level of the source tree. This file answers common questions
6 and describes problems you may experience with compilation and
7 installation. It is updated more frequently than this manual.
9 Features can be added to GNU Libc via "add-on" bundles. These are
10 separate tar files, which you unpack into the top level of the source
11 tree. Then you give `configure' the `--enable-add-ons' option to
12 activate them, and they will be compiled into the library.
14 You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC
15 and GNU Make, and possibly others. *Note Tools for Compilation::,
18 A.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc
19 ======================================
21 GNU libc can be compiled in the source directory, but we strongly advise
22 building it in a separate build directory. For example, if you have
23 unpacked the glibc sources in `/src/gnu/glibc-2.3', create a directory
24 `/src/gnu/glibc-build' to put the object files in. This allows
25 removing the whole build directory in case an error occurs, which is the
26 safest way to get a fresh start and should always be done.
28 From your object directory, run the shell script `configure' located
29 at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type
31 $ ../glibc-2.3/configure ARGS...
33 Please note that even if you're building in a separate build
34 directory, the compilation needs to modify a few files in the source
35 directory, especially some files in the manual subdirectory.
37 `configure' takes many options, but you can get away with knowing only
38 two: `--prefix' and `--enable-add-ons'. The `--prefix' option tells
39 `configure' where you want glibc installed. This defaults to
40 `/usr/local'. The `--enable-add-ons' option tells `configure' to use
41 all the add-on bundles it finds in the source directory. Since
42 important functionality is provided in add-ons, you should always
45 It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in the
46 environment when running `configure'. CC selects the C compiler that
47 will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options for the compiler.
49 The following list describes all of the available options for
53 Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of
54 `DIRECTORY'. The default is to install in `/usr/local'.
56 `--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY'
57 Install the library and other machine-dependent files in
58 subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to the `--prefix'
59 directory if that option is specified, or `/usr/local' otherwise.
61 `--with-headers=DIRECTORY'
62 Look for kernel header files in DIRECTORY, not `/usr/include'.
63 Glibc needs information from the kernel's private header files.
64 Glibc will normally look in `/usr/include' for them, but if you
65 specify this option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead.
67 This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in
68 `/usr/include' come from an older version of glibc. Conflicts can
69 occasionally happen in this case. Note that Linux libc5 qualifies
70 as an older version of glibc. You can also use this option if you
71 want to compile glibc with a newer set of kernel headers than the
72 ones found in `/usr/include'.
74 `--enable-add-ons[=LIST]'
75 Enable add-on packages in your source tree. If this option is
76 specified with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it
77 finds. If you do not wish to use some add-on packages that you
78 have present in your source tree, give this option a list of the
79 add-ons that you _do_ want used, like this: `--enable-add-ons=nptl'
81 `--enable-kernel=VERSION'
82 This option is currently only useful on GNU/Linux systems. The
83 VERSION parameter should have the form X.Y.Z and describes the
84 smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is
85 expected to support. The higher the VERSION number is, the less
86 compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
88 `--with-binutils=DIRECTORY'
89 Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in `DIRECTORY', not the
90 ones the C compiler would default to. You can use this option if
91 the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the
92 constructs in the GNU C library. In that case, `configure' will
93 detect the problem and suppress these constructs, so that the
94 library will still be usable, but functionality may be lost--for
95 example, you can't build a shared libc with old binutils.
98 Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point
99 support and your operating system does not emulate an FPU.
104 Don't build shared libraries even if it is possible. Not all
105 systems support shared libraries; you need ELF support and
106 (currently) the GNU linker.
109 Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to
110 use this option if you don't plan to do profiling.
113 Use maximum optimization for the normal (static and shared)
114 libraries, and compile separate static libraries with debugging
115 information and no optimization. We recommend not doing this.
116 The extra optimization doesn't gain you much, it may provoke
117 compiler bugs, and you won't be able to trace bugs through the C
120 `--disable-versioning'
121 Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information.
122 Doing this will make the resulting library incompatible with old
123 binaries, so it's not recommended.
125 `--enable-static-nss'
126 Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries.
127 This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a
128 program linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be
129 dynamically reconfigured to use a different name database.
132 By default the C library is built with support for thread-local
133 storage if the used tools support it. By using `--without-tls'
134 this can be prevented though there generally is no reason since it
135 creates compatibility problems.
137 `--build=BUILD-SYSTEM'
139 These options are for cross-compiling. If you specify both
140 options and BUILD-SYSTEM is different from HOST-SYSTEM, `configure'
141 will prepare to cross-compile glibc from BUILD-SYSTEM to be used
142 on HOST-SYSTEM. You'll probably need the `--with-headers' option
143 too, and you may have to override CONFIGURE's selection of the
144 compiler and/or binutils.
146 If you only specify `--host', `configure' will prepare for a
147 native compile but use what you specify instead of guessing what
148 your system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel.
149 For example, if `configure' guesses your machine as
150 `i586-pc-linux-gnu' but you want to compile a library for 386es,
151 give `--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu' or just `--host=i386-linux' and add
152 the appropriate compiler flags (`-mcpu=i386' will do the trick) to
155 If you specify just `--build', `configure' will get confused.
157 To build the library and related programs, type `make'. This will
158 produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from `make'
159 but isn't. Look for error messages from `make' containing `***'.
160 Those indicate that something is seriously wrong.
162 The compilation process can take several hours. Expect at least two
163 hours for the default configuration on i586 for GNU/Linux. For Hurd,
164 times are much longer. Some complex modules may take a very long time
165 to compile, as much as several minutes on slower machines. Do not
166 panic if the compiler appears to hang.
168 If you want to run a parallel make, simply pass the `-j' option with
169 an appropriate numeric parameter to `make'. You need a recent GNU
170 `make' version, though.
172 To build and run test programs which exercise some of the library
173 facilities, type `make check'. If it does not complete successfully,
174 do not use the built library, and report a bug after verifying that the
175 problem is not already known. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for instructions
176 on reporting bugs. Note that some of the tests assume they are not
177 being run by `root'. We recommend you compile and test glibc as an
180 Before reporting bugs make sure there is no problem with your system.
181 The tests (and later installation) use some pre-existing files of the
182 system such as `/etc/passwd', `/etc/nsswitch.conf' and others. These
183 files must all contain correct and sensible content.
185 To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type
186 `make dvi'. You need a working TeX installation to do this. The
187 distribution already includes the on-line formatted version of the
188 manual, as Info files. You can regenerate those with `make info', but
189 it shouldn't be necessary.
191 The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters
192 which you can find in `Makeconfig'. These can be overwritten with the
193 file `configparms'. To change them, create a `configparms' in your
194 build directory and add values as appropriate for your system. The
195 file is included and parsed by `make' and has to follow the conventions
198 It is easy to configure the GNU C library for cross-compilation by
199 setting a few variables in `configparms'. Set `CC' to the
200 cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is
201 important to use this same `CC' value when running `configure', like
202 this: `CC=TARGET-gcc configure TARGET'. Set `BUILD_CC' to the compiler
203 to use for programs run on the build system as part of compiling the
204 library. You may need to set `AR' and `RANLIB' to cross-compiling
205 versions of `ar' and `ranlib' if the native tools are not configured to
206 work with object files for the target you configured for.
208 A.2 Installing the C Library
209 ============================
211 To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the
212 manual, type `env LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C make install'. This will build
213 things, if necessary, before installing them; however, you should still
214 compile everything first. If you are installing glibc as your primary
215 C library, we recommend that you shut the system down to single-user
216 mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk of breaking
217 things when the library changes out from underneath.
219 If you're upgrading from Linux libc5 or some other C library, you
220 need to replace the `/usr/include' with a fresh directory before
221 installing it. The new `/usr/include' should contain the Linux
222 headers, but nothing else.
224 You must first build the library (`make'), optionally check it
225 (`make check'), switch the include directories and then install (`make
226 install'). The steps must be done in this order. Not moving the
227 directory before install will result in an unusable mixture of header
228 files from both libraries, but configuring, building, and checking the
229 library requires the ability to compile and run programs against the old
232 If you are upgrading from a previous installation of glibc 2.0 or
233 2.1, `make install' will do the entire job. You do not need to remove
234 the old includes - if you want to do so anyway you must then follow the
237 You may also need to reconfigure GCC to work with the new library.
238 The easiest way to do that is to figure out the compiler switches to
239 make it work again (`-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2' should
240 work on GNU/Linux systems) and use them to recompile gcc. You can also
241 edit the specs file (`/usr/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/specs'), but that
242 is a bit of a black art.
244 You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it
245 to go by setting the `install_root' variable on the command line for
246 `make install'. The value of this variable is prepended to all the
247 paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
248 environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should be
249 specified with an absolute file name.
251 Glibc 2.2 includes a daemon called `nscd', which you may or may not
252 want to run. `nscd' caches name service lookups; it can dramatically
253 improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as well.
255 One auxiliary program, `/usr/libexec/pt_chown', is installed setuid
256 `root'. This program is invoked by the `grantpt' function; it sets the
257 permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the calling
258 process. This means programs like `xterm' and `screen' do not have to
259 be setuid to get a pty. (There may be other reasons why they need
260 privileges.) If you are using a 2.1 or newer Linux kernel with the
261 `devptsfs' or `devfs' filesystems providing pty slaves, you don't need
262 this program; otherwise you do. The source for `pt_chown' is in
263 `login/programs/pt_chown.c'.
265 After installation you might want to configure the timezone and
266 locale installation of your system. The GNU C library comes with a
267 locale database which gets configured with `localedef'. For example, to
268 set up a German locale with name `de_DE', simply issue the command
269 `localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE'. To configure all locales
270 that are supported by glibc, you can issue from your build directory the
271 command `make localedata/install-locales'.
273 To configure the locally used timezone, set the `TZ' environment
274 variable. The script `tzselect' helps you to select the right value.
275 As an example, for Germany, `tzselect' would tell you to use
276 `TZ='Europe/Berlin''. For a system wide installation (the given paths
277 are for an installation with `--prefix=/usr'), link the timezone file
278 which is in `/usr/share/zoneinfo' to the file `/etc/localtime'. For
279 Germany, you might execute `ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin
282 A.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation
283 =====================================
285 We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to
286 build the GNU C library:
288 * GNU `make' 3.79 or newer
290 You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C
291 Library to work with other `make' programs would be so difficult
292 that we recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* We
293 recommend GNU `make' version 3.79. All earlier versions have
294 severe bugs or lack features.
296 * GCC 3.4 or newer, GCC 4.1 recommended
298 The GNU C library can only be compiled with the GNU C compiler
299 family. For the 2.3 releases, GCC 3.2 or higher is required; GCC
300 3.4 is the compiler we advise to use for 2.3 versions. For the
301 2.4 release, GCC 3.4 or higher is required; as of this writing,
302 GCC 4.1 is the compiler we advise to use for current versions. On
303 certain machines including `powerpc64', compilers prior to GCC 4.0
304 have bugs that prevent them compiling the C library code in the
305 2.4 release. On other machines, GCC 4.1 is required to build the C
306 library with support for the correct `long double' type format;
307 these include `powerpc' (32 bit), `s390' and `s390x'.
309 You can use whatever compiler you like to compile programs that
310 use GNU libc, but be aware that both GCC 2.7 and 2.8 have bugs in
311 their floating-point support that may be triggered by the math
314 Check the FAQ for any special compiler issues on particular
317 * GNU `binutils' 2.15 or later
319 You must use GNU `binutils' (as and ld) to build the GNU C library.
320 No other assembler or linker has the necessary functionality at the
323 * GNU `texinfo' 3.12f
325 To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you
326 need this version of the `texinfo' package. Earlier versions do
327 not understand all the tags used in the document, and the
328 installation mechanism for the info files is not present or works
331 * GNU `awk' 3.0, or higher
333 `Awk' is used in several places to generate files. `gawk' 3.0 is
338 Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the
339 installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future.
341 * GNU `sed' 3.02 or newer
343 `Sed' is used in several places to generate files. Most scripts
344 work with any version of `sed'. The known exception is the script
345 `po2test.sed' in the `intl' subdirectory which is used to generate
346 `msgs.h' for the test suite. This script works correctly only
347 with GNU `sed' 3.02. If you like to run the test suite, you
348 should definitely upgrade `sed'.
351 If you change any of the `configure.in' files you will also need
353 * GNU `autoconf' 2.53 or higher
355 and if you change any of the message translation files you will need
357 * GNU `gettext' 0.10.36 or later
359 You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using
360 patches, although we try to avoid this.
362 A.4 Supported Configurations
363 ============================
365 The GNU C Library currently supports configurations that match the
384 Former releases of this library (version 2.1 and/or 2.0) used to run
385 on the following configurations:
390 Very early releases (version 1.09.1 and perhaps earlier versions)
391 used to run on the following configurations:
402 iX86-force_cpu386-none
416 Since no one has volunteered to test and fix these configurations,
417 they are not supported at the moment. They probably don't compile;
418 they definitely don't work anymore. Porting the library is not hard.
419 If you are interested in doing a port, please contact the glibc
420 maintainers. Start at `http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/' and read the
421 references there on how to go about getting involved and contacting the
424 Valid cases of `iX86' include `i386', `i486', `i586', and `i686'.
425 All of those configurations produce a library that can run on this
426 processor and newer processors. The GCC compiler by default generates
427 code that's optimized for the machine it's configured for and will use
428 the instructions available on that machine. For example if your GCC is
429 configured for `i686', gcc will optimize for `i686' and might issue
430 some `i686' specific instructions. To generate code for other models,
431 you have to configure for that model and give GCC the appropriate
432 `-march=' and `-mcpu=' compiler switches via CFLAGS.
434 A.5 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems
435 =========================================
437 If you are installing GNU libc on a GNU/Linux system, you need to have
438 the header files from a 2.2 or newer kernel around for reference. For
439 some architectures, like ia64, sh and hppa, you need at least headers
440 from kernel 2.3.99 (sh and hppa) or 2.4.0 (ia64). You do not need to
441 use that kernel, just have its headers where glibc can access at them.
442 The easiest way to do this is to unpack it in a directory such as
443 `/usr/src/linux-2.2.1'. In that directory, run `make config' and
444 accept all the defaults. Then run `make include/linux/version.h'.
445 Finally, configure glibc with the option
446 `--with-headers=/usr/src/linux-2.2.1/include'. Use the most recent
447 kernel you can get your hands on.
449 An alternate tactic is to unpack the 2.2 kernel and run `make
450 config' as above; then, rename or delete `/usr/include', create a new
451 `/usr/include', and make symbolic links of `/usr/include/linux' and
452 `/usr/include/asm' into the kernel sources. You can then configure
453 glibc with no special options. This tactic is recommended if you are
454 upgrading from libc5, since you need to get rid of the old header files
457 After installing GNU libc, you may need to remove or rename
458 `/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm', and replace them with
459 copies of `include/linux' and `include/asm-$ARCHITECTURE' taken from
460 the Linux source package which supplied kernel headers for building the
461 library. ARCHITECTURE will be the machine architecture for which the
462 library was built, such as `i386' or `alpha'. You do not need to do
463 this if you did not specify an alternate kernel header source using
464 `--with-headers'. The intent here is that these directories should be
465 copies of, *not* symlinks to, the kernel headers used to build the
468 Note that `/usr/include/net' and `/usr/include/scsi' should *not* be
469 symlinks into the kernel sources. GNU libc provides its own versions
472 GNU/Linux expects some components of the libc installation to be in
473 `/lib' and some in `/usr/lib'. This is handled automatically if you
474 configure glibc with `--prefix=/usr'. If you set some other prefix or
475 allow it to default to `/usr/local', then all the components are
478 If you are upgrading from libc5, you need to recompile every shared
479 library on your system against the new library for the sake of new code,
480 but keep the old libraries around for old binaries to use. This is
481 complicated and difficult. Consult the Glibc2 HOWTO at
482 `http://www.imaxx.net/~thrytis/glibc' for details.
484 You cannot use `nscd' with 2.0 kernels, due to bugs in the
485 kernel-side thread support. `nscd' happens to hit these bugs
486 particularly hard, but you might have problems with any threaded
492 There are probably bugs in the GNU C library. There are certainly
493 errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get
494 fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will
495 remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer.
497 It is a good idea to verify that the problem has not already been
498 reported. Bugs are documented in two places: The file `BUGS' describes
499 a number of well known bugs and the bug tracking system has a WWW
500 interface at `http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/'. The WWW interface
501 gives you access to open and closed reports. A closed report normally
502 includes a patch or a hint on solving the problem.
504 To report a bug, first you must find it. With any luck, this will
505 be the hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a
506 bug. A good way to do this is to see if the GNU C library behaves the
507 same way some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and
508 the libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the
509 libraries is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU library. Many
510 historical Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as
511 closing a file twice.
513 If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C library does
514 not conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (*note Standards and
515 Portability::), that is definitely a bug. Report it!
517 Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the
518 smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C
519 library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function
520 call, if possible. This should not be too difficult.
522 The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug.
523 Do this using the WWW interface to the bug database.
525 If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual
526 doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the
527 function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library
528 or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any
529 errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the bug
530 database. If you refer to specific sections of the manual, please
531 include the section names for easier identification.