| blob | fe01a3e15c9b8ab54720e92a30d99d20f35aa358 |
1 # @(#)australasia 7.64
2 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
4 # Notes are at the end of this file
6 ###############################################################################
8 # Australia
10 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
11 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
12 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
13 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
14 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
15 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
16 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
17 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
18 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
19 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
20 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
22 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
23 # Northern Territory
24 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
25 9:00 - CST 1899 May
26 9:30 Aus CST
27 # Western Australia
28 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
29 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
30 8:00 - WST 1974 Oct lastSun 2:00s
31 8:00 1:00 WST 1975 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
32 8:00 - WST 1983 Oct lastSun 2:00s
33 8:00 1:00 WST 1984 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
34 8:00 - WST 1991 Nov 17 2:00s
35 8:00 1:00 WST 1992 Mar Sun>=1 2:00s
36 8:00 - WST
37 # Queensland
38 #
39 # From Alex Livingston <alex@agsm.unsw.edu.au> (1996-11-01):
40 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
41 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
42 # Queensland ceased to.
43 #
44 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
45 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
46 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
47 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
48 # so use Lindeman.
49 #
50 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
51 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
52 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
53 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
54 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
55 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
56 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
57 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
58 10:00 Aus EST 1971
59 10:00 AQ EST
60 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
61 10:00 Aus EST 1971
62 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
63 10:00 Holiday EST
65 # South Australia
66 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
67 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
68 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule AS 1987 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
70 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
71 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
72 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
73 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
74 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
75 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
76 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
77 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule AS 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
79 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
80 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
81 9:00 - CST 1899 May
82 9:30 Aus CST 1971
83 9:30 AS CST
85 # Tasmania
86 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
87 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
88 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
90 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
96 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
98 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
99 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
100 Rule AT 1991 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
101 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
102 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
103 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
104 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
105 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
106 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
107 10:00 Aus EST 1967
108 10:00 AT EST
110 # Victoria
111 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
112 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
113 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
114 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
117 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
118 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AV 1995 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
120 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
121 Rule AV 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
122 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
123 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
124 10:00 Aus EST 1971
125 10:00 AV EST
127 # New South Wales
128 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
129 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
130 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
131 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
132 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
133 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
134 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
135 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
136 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
137 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
138 Rule AN 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
139 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
140 Rule AN 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
141 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
142 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
143 10:00 Aus EST 1971
144 10:00 AN EST
145 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
146 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
147 9:00 - CST 1899 May
148 9:30 Aus CST 1971
149 9:30 AN CST 2000
150 9:30 AS CST
152 # Lord Howe Island
153 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
154 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
155 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
156 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
157 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
158 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
159 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
160 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
161 Rule LH 1996 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
162 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
163 Rule LH 2001 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
164 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
165 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
166 10:30 LH LHST
168 # Australian miscellany
169 #
170 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
171 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
172 # like Australia/Perth, says Turner
173 #
174 # Coral Sea Is
175 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
176 # no information
177 #
178 # Macquarie
179 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
180 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
181 # like Australia/Hobart, says Turner
183 # Christmas
184 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
185 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
186 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
188 # Cook Is
189 # From Shanks:
190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
191 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
192 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
193 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
194 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
195 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
196 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
197 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
199 # Cocos
200 # From USNO (1989):
201 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
202 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
204 # Fiji
205 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
206 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
207 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
209 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
210 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
212 # French Polynesia
213 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
214 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
215 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
216 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
217 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
218 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
219 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
220 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
221 # it is uninhabited.
223 # Guam
224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
225 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
226 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
227 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
228 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
230 # Kiribati
231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
232 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
233 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
234 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
235 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
236 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
237 13:00 - PHOT
238 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
239 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
240 -10:00 - LINT 1995
241 14:00 - LINT
243 # N Mariana Is
244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
245 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
246 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
247 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
248 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
249 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
251 # Marshall Is
252 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
253 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
254 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
255 12:00 - MHT
256 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
257 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
258 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
259 12:00 - MHT
261 # Micronesia
262 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
263 Zone Pacific/Yap 9:12:32 - LMT 1901 # Colonia
264 9:00 - YAPT 1969 Oct # Yap Time
265 10:00 - YAPT
266 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
267 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
268 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
269 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
270 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
271 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
272 12:00 - KOST 1999
273 11:00 - KOST
275 # Nauru
276 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
277 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
278 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
279 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
280 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
281 12:00 - NRT
283 # New Caledonia
284 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
285 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
286 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
287 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
288 # Shanks says the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
289 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
290 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
291 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
292 11:00 NC NC%sT
295 ###############################################################################
297 # New Zealand
299 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
300 # Shanks gives 1927 Nov 6 - 1928 Mar 4, 1928 Oct 14 - 1929 Mar 17,
301 # 1929 Oct 13 - 1930 Mar 16; go with Whitman.
302 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 26 2:00 0:30 HD
303 Rule NZ 1928 1929 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
304 Rule NZ 1928 only - Nov 4 2:00 0:30 HD
305 Rule NZ 1929 only - Oct 30 2:00 0:30 HD
306 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
307 Rule NZ 1930 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 HD
308 # Whitman says DST went on and off during war years, and the base UT offset
309 # didn't change until 1945 Apr 30; go with Shanks.
310 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 S
311 Rule NZ 1934 1939 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 HD
312 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov 3 2:00s 1:00 D
313 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
314 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct 8 2:00s 1:00 D
315 Rule NZ 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
316 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00s 0 S
317 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
318 Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
319 Rule Chatham 1990 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
320 Rule Chatham 1991 max - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
321 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
322 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868
323 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1940 Sep 29 2:00
324 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
325 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
328 # Auckland Is
329 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
330 # and scientific personnel have wintered
332 # Campbell I
333 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
334 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
335 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
336 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
338 ###############################################################################
341 # Niue
342 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
343 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
344 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
345 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
346 -11:00 - NUT
348 # Norfolk
349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
350 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
351 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
352 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
354 # Palau (Belau)
355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
356 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
357 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
359 # Papua New Guinea
360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
361 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
362 9:48:40 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
363 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
365 # Pitcairn
366 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
367 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
368 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
369 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
371 # American Samoa
372 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
373 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
374 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
375 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
376 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
377 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
379 # W Samoa
380 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
381 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
382 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
383 -11:00 - WST # W Samoa Time
385 # Solomon Is
386 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
387 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
388 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
389 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
391 # Tokelau Is
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
394 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
396 # Tonga
397 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
398 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
399 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
400 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Nov 4 2:00s 1:00 S
401 Rule Tonga 2001 only - Jan 27 2:00s 0 -
402 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
403 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
404 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
405 13:00 - TOT 1999
406 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
408 # Tuvalu
409 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
410 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
411 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
414 # US minor outlying islands
416 # Howland, Baker
417 # uninhabited since World War II
418 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
420 # Jarvis
421 # uninhabited since 1958
422 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
424 # Johnston
425 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
426 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
428 # Kingman
429 # uninhabited
431 # Midway
432 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
433 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
434 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
435 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
437 # Palmyra
438 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
440 # Wake
441 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
442 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
443 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
446 # Vanuatu
447 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
448 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
449 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
450 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
451 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
452 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
453 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
454 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
455 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
456 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
458 # Wallis and Futuna
459 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
460 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
461 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
463 ###############################################################################
465 # NOTES
467 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
468 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
469 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
471 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
472 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
473 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
474 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
475 #
476 # Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
477 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
478 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
479 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
480 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
481 #
482 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
483 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
484 #
485 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
486 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
487 # I found in the UCLA library.
488 #
489 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
490 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
491 #
492 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
493 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
494 # Corrections are welcome!
495 # std dst
496 # LMT Local Mean Time
497 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
498 # 9:00 JST Japan
499 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
500 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
501 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
502 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
503 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand
504 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
505 # -11:00 SST Samoa
506 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
507 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
508 #
509 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
510 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
512 ###############################################################################
514 # Australia
516 # <a href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
517 # Australia's Daylight Saving Times
518 # </a>, by Margaret Turner, summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
520 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
521 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
522 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
523 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
524 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
525 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
526 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
527 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
528 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
529 # time'.
530 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
531 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
532 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
533 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
534 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
535 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
536 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
538 # From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
539 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
540 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
541 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
542 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
544 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
545 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
546 # Mark Prior <mrp@itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
547 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
548 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
549 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
550 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
552 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@zip.com.au> (1998-01-05):
553 #
554 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
555 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
556 # relevant entries in this database.
557 #
558 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
559 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
560 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
561 # </a>
562 # ACT
563 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
564 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
565 # </a>
566 # SA
567 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
568 # Standard Time Act, 1898
569 # </a>
571 # Northern Territory
573 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
574 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
575 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
576 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
577 # ...
578 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
580 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
581 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
582 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
584 # Western Australia
586 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
587 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
588 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
589 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
590 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
591 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
592 # # before reaching parliament.
593 # ...
594 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
595 # ...
596 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
597 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
598 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
599 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
601 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
602 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
603 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
605 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
606 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
607 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
608 # work at 9.00am.)
609 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
610 # everybody again.
612 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
613 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
614 # it matches what was used in the past.
616 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
617 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
618 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
619 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
621 # Queensland
622 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
623 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
624 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
625 # ...
626 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
627 # ...
628 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
629 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
630 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
631 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
633 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
634 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
635 # October 1989).
637 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
638 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
639 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
640 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
642 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
643 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
644 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
645 # me.)
647 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
648 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
649 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
650 # ...
651 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
652 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
653 # ...
655 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
656 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
658 # South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
660 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
661 # The rules from version 7.1 follow.
662 # There are lots of differences between these rules and
663 # the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
664 # and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
665 # current DST ending dates, no worries.
666 #
667 # Rule Oz 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
668 # Rule Oz 1986 max - Oct Sun<=24 2:00 1:00 -
669 # Rule Oz 1972 only - Feb 27 3:00 0 -
670 # Rule Oz 1973 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
671 # Rule Oz 1987 max - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 -
672 # Zone Australia/Tasmania 10:00 Oz EST
673 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 Oz CST
674 # Zone Australia/Victoria 10:00 Oz EST 1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
675 # 10:00 1:00 EST 1986 Mar Sun<=21 3:00
676 # 10:00 Oz EST
678 # From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
679 # I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
680 # that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
681 # original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
682 # that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
683 # The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
684 # that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
686 # South Australia
688 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
689 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
690 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
691 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
693 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
694 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
695 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
696 # ...
697 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
698 # ...
699 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
700 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
701 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun<=21 3:00 0 C
702 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
704 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
705 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
706 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
707 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
709 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
710 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
711 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
712 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
713 # is on...
715 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
716 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
717 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
718 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
720 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
721 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
722 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
723 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
725 # From John Warburton <jwarb@SACBH.com.au> (1994-10-07):
726 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
727 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
728 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
730 # Tasmania
732 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
733 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
734 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
735 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
737 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
738 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
739 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
740 # (but nothing new about that).
742 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
743 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
744 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
745 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
746 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
747 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
749 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
750 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
752 # Victoria
754 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
755 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
756 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
757 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
759 # New South Wales
761 # From Arthur David Olson:
762 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
763 # Based on law library research by John Mackin (john@basser.cs.su.oz),
764 # who notes:
765 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
766 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
767 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
768 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
769 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
770 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
772 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
773 # The Information Service of the Australian National Standards Commission
774 # <a href="http://www.nsc.gov.au/InfoServ/Ileaflet/il27.htm">
775 # Daylight Saving
776 # </a> page (1995-04) has an excellent overall history of Australian DST.
777 # The Community Relations Division of the NSW Attorney General's Department
778 # publishes a history of daylight saving in NSW. See:
779 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/crd.nsf/pages/time2">
780 # Lawlink NSW: Daylight Saving in New South Wales
781 # </a>
783 # From Eric Ulevik <eau@ozemail.com.au> (1999-05-26):
784 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
785 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
786 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
787 # Two months more daylight saving
788 # </a>
789 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
791 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
792 # See the following official NSW source:
793 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
794 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
795 # </a>
796 #
797 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
798 # daylight saving next year. See:
799 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
800 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
801 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
802 #
803 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
804 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
805 # Vic to extend daylight saving
806 # </a> (1999-07-28).
807 #
808 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
809 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
810 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
811 # </a> (1999-07-19).
812 #
813 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
814 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
815 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
816 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
817 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
818 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
819 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
820 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
821 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
822 #
823 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
824 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
825 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
826 # </a> (1999-07-21).
828 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
829 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
830 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
832 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
833 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
834 # towns to use Queensland time.
836 # Yancowinna
838 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
839 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
841 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
842 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
843 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
844 # ...
845 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
846 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
847 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
848 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
849 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
850 # # presently available.
851 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
852 # ...
853 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
854 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
855 # [followed by other Rules]
857 # Lord Howe Island
859 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
860 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen.. pauline@Aus ]
861 # [ Dec 1990 ]
862 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
863 # hour ahead of NSW time.
865 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
866 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
867 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
868 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
869 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
870 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
871 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
872 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
873 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
874 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
876 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
877 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
878 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
879 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
880 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
881 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
883 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-09):
884 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks through 1989, and Lonergan thereafter.
885 # For times we use Lonergan.
887 ###############################################################################
889 # New Zealand
891 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
892 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
893 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
894 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
895 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
897 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
898 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
899 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
900 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Geofft@Aus.. Auckland N.Z. ]
901 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
902 # ...
903 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
904 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
905 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
906 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
907 # ...
908 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
909 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
911 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
912 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
913 # rather than the October 1 value.
915 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
916 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
917 # Robert Uzgalis <buz@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> writes that the New Zealand Daylight
918 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
919 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
920 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
921 #
922 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
923 # Shanks gives no time data for Chatham; usno1989 says it's +12:45,
924 # usno1995 says it's +12:45/+13:45, and IATA SSIM (1991/1999)
925 # gives the NZ rules but with transitions at 2:45 local standard time.
926 # Guess that they have been in lock-step with NZ since 1990.
928 ###############################################################################
931 # Fiji
933 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
934 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
935 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
937 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
938 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
939 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
940 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
942 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
943 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
945 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
946 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
947 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
948 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
949 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
950 # millenium.
952 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
953 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
955 # Johnston
957 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
960 # Kiribati
962 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
963 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
964 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
965 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
968 # Kwajalein
970 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
971 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
972 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
973 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
974 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
977 # N Mariana Is, Guam
979 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
980 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
981 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
982 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
983 # see Asia/Manila.
985 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
986 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
987 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
988 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
991 # Micronesia
993 # Alan Eugene Davis <adavis@kuentos.guam.net> writes (1996-03-16),
994 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
995 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
996 #
997 # Shanks writes that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 1978-10-01;
998 # ignore this for now.
1000 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1001 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1002 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1003 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1004 # </a> (1999-01-26)
1005 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1006 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1009 # Pitcairn
1011 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1012 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1013 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1014 #
1015 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1016 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1017 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1018 #
1019 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1020 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1021 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1023 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1024 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1025 # ... at midnight.
1027 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1028 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1029 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1030 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1033 # Samoa
1035 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1036 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1037 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1038 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1039 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1042 # Tonga
1044 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1045 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1046 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1047 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1049 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1050 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1051 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1052 # </a>:
1054 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1055 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1056 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1057 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1058 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1059 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1060 #
1061 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1062 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1063 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1064 #
1065 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1066 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1067 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1068 # minutes we have lost?"
1069 #
1070 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1071 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1072 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1074 # From Paul Eggert (1999-08-12):
1075 # Shanks says the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1077 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1078 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1079 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1080 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1081 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1082 # Government.
1084 # From Steffen Thorsen [straen@thorsen.priv.no] (1999-09-09):
1085 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1086 #
1087 # I was given this link by John Letts <johnletts@earthlink.net>:
1088 # <a hef="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1089 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1090 # </a>
1091 #
1092 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1093 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1094 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1095 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1097 # From Arthur David Olson [arthur_david_olson@nih.gov] (1999-09-20):
1098 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>
1099 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1100 # </a>:
1101 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1102 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1103 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1104 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1105 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1106 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1108 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1109 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1110 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1112 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1113 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1114 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1115 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1116 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1117 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1118 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1120 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1121 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1123 ###############################################################################
1125 # The International Date Line
1127 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1128 #
1129 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1130 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1131 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1132 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1133 #
1134 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1135 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1136 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1137 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1138 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1139 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1140 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.
1141 #
1142 # An Anglo-French Conference on Time-Keeping at Sea (June, 1917) agreed that
1143 # legal time on the high seas would be zone time, i.e., the standard time at
1144 # the nearest meridian that is a multiple of fifteen degrees. The date is
1145 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1146 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1147 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1148 # correct date is ambiguous.