1 @node Character Handling, String and Array Utilities, Memory, Top
2 @c %MENU% Character testing and conversion functions
3 @chapter Character Handling
5 Programs that work with characters and strings often need to classify a
6 character---is it alphabetic, is it a digit, is it whitespace, and so
7 on---and perform case conversion operations on characters. The
8 functions in the header file @file{ctype.h} are provided for this
12 Since the choice of locale and character set can alter the
13 classifications of particular character codes, all of these functions
14 are affected by the current locale. (More precisely, they are affected
15 by the locale currently selected for character classification---the
16 @code{LC_CTYPE} category; see @ref{Locale Categories}.)
18 The @w{ISO C} standard specifies two different sets of functions. The
19 one set works on @code{char} type characters, the other one on
20 @code{wchar_t} wide characters (@pxref{Extended Char Intro}).
23 * Classification of Characters:: Testing whether characters are
24 letters, digits, punctuation, etc.
26 * Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like.
27 * Classification of Wide Characters:: Character class determination for
29 * Using Wide Char Classes:: Notes on using the wide character
31 * Wide Character Case Conversion:: Mapping of wide characters.
34 @node Classification of Characters, Case Conversion, , Character Handling
35 @section Classification of Characters
36 @cindex character testing
37 @cindex classification of characters
38 @cindex predicates on characters
39 @cindex character predicates
41 This section explains the library functions for classifying characters.
42 For example, @code{isalpha} is the function to test for an alphabetic
43 character. It takes one argument, the character to test, and returns a
44 nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise. You
45 would use it like this:
49 printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c);
52 Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a
53 particular class of characters; each has a name starting with @samp{is}.
54 Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test, and
55 returns an @code{int} which is treated as a boolean value. The
56 character argument is passed as an @code{int}, and it may be the
57 constant value @code{EOF} instead of a real character.
59 The attributes of any given character can vary between locales.
60 @xref{Locales}, for more information on locales.@refill
62 These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.
65 @cindex lower-case character
66 @deftypefun int islower (int @var{c})
67 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
68 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
69 @c The is* macros call __ctype_b_loc to get the ctype array from the
70 @c current locale, and then index it by c. __ctype_b_loc reads from
71 @c thread-local memory the (indirect) pointer to the ctype array, which
72 @c may involve one word access to the global locale object, if that's
73 @c the active locale for the thread, and the array, being part of the
74 @c locale data, is undeletable, so there's no thread-safety issue. We
75 @c might want to mark these with @mtslocale to flag to callers that
76 @c changing locales might affect them, even if not these simpler
78 Returns true if @var{c} is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be
79 from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.
82 @cindex upper-case character
83 @deftypefun int isupper (int @var{c})
84 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
85 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
86 Returns true if @var{c} is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be
87 from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.
90 @cindex alphabetic character
91 @deftypefun int isalpha (int @var{c})
92 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
93 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
94 Returns true if @var{c} is an alphabetic character (a letter). If
95 @code{islower} or @code{isupper} is true of a character, then
96 @code{isalpha} is also true.
98 In some locales, there may be additional characters for which
99 @code{isalpha} is true---letters which are neither upper case nor lower
100 case. But in the standard @code{"C"} locale, there are no such
101 additional characters.
104 @cindex digit character
105 @cindex decimal digit character
106 @deftypefun int isdigit (int @var{c})
107 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
108 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
109 Returns true if @var{c} is a decimal digit (@samp{0} through @samp{9}).
112 @cindex alphanumeric character
113 @deftypefun int isalnum (int @var{c})
114 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
115 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
116 Returns true if @var{c} is an alphanumeric character (a letter or
117 number); in other words, if either @code{isalpha} or @code{isdigit} is
118 true of a character, then @code{isalnum} is also true.
121 @cindex hexadecimal digit character
122 @deftypefun int isxdigit (int @var{c})
123 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
124 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
125 Returns true if @var{c} is a hexadecimal digit.
126 Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits @samp{0} through
127 @samp{9} and the letters @samp{A} through @samp{F} and
128 @samp{a} through @samp{f}.
131 @cindex punctuation character
132 @deftypefun int ispunct (int @var{c})
133 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
134 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
135 Returns true if @var{c} is a punctuation character.
136 This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space
140 @cindex whitespace character
141 @deftypefun int isspace (int @var{c})
142 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
143 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
144 Returns true if @var{c} is a @dfn{whitespace} character. In the standard
145 @code{"C"} locale, @code{isspace} returns true for only the standard
146 whitespace characters:
169 @cindex blank character
170 @deftypefun int isblank (int @var{c})
171 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
172 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
173 Returns true if @var{c} is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab.
174 This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in @w{ISO C99}.
177 @cindex graphic character
178 @deftypefun int isgraph (int @var{c})
179 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
180 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
181 Returns true if @var{c} is a graphic character; that is, a character
182 that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters are not
186 @cindex printing character
187 @deftypefun int isprint (int @var{c})
188 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
189 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
190 Returns true if @var{c} is a printing character. Printing characters
191 include all the graphic characters, plus the space (@samp{ }) character.
194 @cindex control character
195 @deftypefun int iscntrl (int @var{c})
196 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
197 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
198 Returns true if @var{c} is a control character (that is, a character that
199 is not a printing character).
202 @cindex ASCII character
203 @deftypefun int isascii (int @var{c})
204 @standards{SVID, ctype.h}
205 @standards{BSD, ctype.h}
206 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
207 Returns true if @var{c} is a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value that fits
208 into the US/UK ASCII character set. This function is a BSD extension
209 and is also an SVID extension.
212 @node Case Conversion, Classification of Wide Characters, Classification of Characters, Character Handling
213 @section Case Conversion
214 @cindex character case conversion
215 @cindex case conversion of characters
216 @cindex converting case of characters
218 This section explains the library functions for performing conversions
219 such as case mappings on characters. For example, @code{toupper}
220 converts any character to upper case if possible. If the character
221 can't be converted, @code{toupper} returns it unchanged.
223 These functions take one argument of type @code{int}, which is the
224 character to convert, and return the converted character as an
225 @code{int}. If the conversion is not applicable to the argument given,
226 the argument is returned unchanged.
228 @strong{Compatibility Note:} In pre-@w{ISO C} dialects, instead of
229 returning the argument unchanged, these functions may fail when the
230 argument is not suitable for the conversion. Thus for portability, you
231 may need to write @code{islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c} rather than just
234 These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.
237 @deftypefun int tolower (int @var{c})
238 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
239 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
240 @c The to* macros/functions call different functions that use different
241 @c arrays than those of__ctype_b_loc, but the access patterns and
242 @c thus safety guarantees are the same.
243 If @var{c} is an upper-case letter, @code{tolower} returns the corresponding
244 lower-case letter. If @var{c} is not an upper-case letter,
245 @var{c} is returned unchanged.
248 @deftypefun int toupper (int @var{c})
249 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
250 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
251 If @var{c} is a lower-case letter, @code{toupper} returns the corresponding
252 upper-case letter. Otherwise @var{c} is returned unchanged.
255 @deftypefun int toascii (int @var{c})
256 @standards{SVID, ctype.h}
257 @standards{BSD, ctype.h}
258 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
259 This function converts @var{c} to a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value
260 that fits into the US/UK ASCII character set, by clearing the high-order
261 bits. This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID extension.
264 @deftypefun int _tolower (int @var{c})
265 @standards{SVID, ctype.h}
266 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
267 This is identical to @code{tolower}, and is provided for compatibility
268 with the SVID. @xref{SVID}.@refill
271 @deftypefun int _toupper (int @var{c})
272 @standards{SVID, ctype.h}
273 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
274 This is identical to @code{toupper}, and is provided for compatibility
279 @node Classification of Wide Characters, Using Wide Char Classes, Case Conversion, Character Handling
280 @section Character class determination for wide characters
282 @w{Amendment 1} to @w{ISO C90} defines functions to classify wide
283 characters. Although the original @w{ISO C90} standard already defined
284 the type @code{wchar_t}, no functions operating on them were defined.
286 The general design of the classification functions for wide characters
287 is more general. It allows extensions to the set of available
288 classifications, beyond those which are always available. The POSIX
289 standard specifies how extensions can be made, and this is already
290 implemented in the @glibcadj{} implementation of the @code{localedef}
293 The character class functions are normally implemented with bitsets,
294 with a bitset per character. For a given character, the appropriate
295 bitset is read from a table and a test is performed as to whether a
296 certain bit is set. Which bit is tested for is determined by the
299 For the wide character classification functions this is made visible.
300 There is a type classification type defined, a function to retrieve this
301 value for a given class, and a function to test whether a given
302 character is in this class, using the classification value. On top of
303 this the normal character classification functions as used for
304 @code{char} objects can be defined.
306 @deftp {Data type} wctype_t
307 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
308 The @code{wctype_t} can hold a value which represents a character class.
309 The only defined way to generate such a value is by using the
310 @code{wctype} function.
313 This type is defined in @file{wctype.h}.
316 @deftypefun wctype_t wctype (const char *@var{property})
317 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
318 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
319 @c Although the source code of wctype contains multiple references to
320 @c the locale, that could each reference different locale_data objects
321 @c should the global locale object change while active, the compiler can
322 @c and does combine them all into a single dereference that resolves
323 @c once to the LCTYPE locale object used throughout the function, so it
324 @c is safe in (optimized) practice, if not in theory, even when the
325 @c locale changes. Ideally we'd explicitly save the resolved
326 @c locale_data object to make it visibly safe instead of safe only under
327 @c compiler optimizations, but given the decision that setlocale is
328 @c MT-Unsafe, all this would afford us would be the ability to not mark
329 @c this function with @mtslocale.
330 @code{wctype} returns a value representing a class of wide
331 characters which is identified by the string @var{property}. Besides
332 some standard properties each locale can define its own ones. In case
333 no property with the given name is known for the current locale
334 selected for the @code{LC_CTYPE} category, the function returns zero.
337 The properties known in every locale are:
339 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25
341 @code{"alnum"} @tab @code{"alpha"} @tab @code{"cntrl"} @tab @code{"digit"}
343 @code{"graph"} @tab @code{"lower"} @tab @code{"print"} @tab @code{"punct"}
345 @code{"space"} @tab @code{"upper"} @tab @code{"xdigit"}
349 This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
352 To test the membership of a character to one of the non-standard classes
353 the @w{ISO C} standard defines a completely new function.
355 @deftypefun int iswctype (wint_t @var{wc}, wctype_t @var{desc})
356 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
357 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
358 @c The compressed lookup table returned by wctype is read-only.
359 This function returns a nonzero value if @var{wc} is in the character
360 class specified by @var{desc}. @var{desc} must previously be returned
361 by a successful call to @code{wctype}.
364 This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
367 To make it easier to use the commonly-used classification functions,
368 they are defined in the C library. There is no need to use
369 @code{wctype} if the property string is one of the known character
370 classes. In some situations it is desirable to construct the property
371 strings, and then it is important that @code{wctype} can also handle the
374 @cindex alphanumeric character
375 @deftypefun int iswalnum (wint_t @var{wc})
376 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
377 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
378 @c The implicit wctype call in the isw* functions is actually an
379 @c optimized version because the category has a known offset, but the
380 @c wctype is equally safe when optimized, unsafe with changing locales
381 @c if not optimized (thus @mtslocale). Since it's not a macro, we
382 @c always optimize, and the locale can't change in any MT-Safe way, it's
383 @c fine. The test whether wc is ASCII to use the non-wide is*
384 @c macro/function doesn't bring any other safety issues: the test does
385 @c not depend on the locale, and each path after the decision resolves
386 @c the locale object only once.
387 This function returns a nonzero value if @var{wc} is an alphanumeric
388 character (a letter or number); in other words, if either @code{iswalpha}
389 or @code{iswdigit} is true of a character, then @code{iswalnum} is also
393 This function can be implemented using
396 iswctype (wc, wctype ("alnum"))
400 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
403 @cindex alphabetic character
404 @deftypefun int iswalpha (wint_t @var{wc})
405 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
406 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
407 Returns true if @var{wc} is an alphabetic character (a letter). If
408 @code{iswlower} or @code{iswupper} is true of a character, then
409 @code{iswalpha} is also true.
411 In some locales, there may be additional characters for which
412 @code{iswalpha} is true---letters which are neither upper case nor lower
413 case. But in the standard @code{"C"} locale, there are no such
414 additional characters.
417 This function can be implemented using
420 iswctype (wc, wctype ("alpha"))
424 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
427 @cindex control character
428 @deftypefun int iswcntrl (wint_t @var{wc})
429 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
430 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
431 Returns true if @var{wc} is a control character (that is, a character that
432 is not a printing character).
435 This function can be implemented using
438 iswctype (wc, wctype ("cntrl"))
442 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
445 @cindex digit character
446 @deftypefun int iswdigit (wint_t @var{wc})
447 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
448 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
449 Returns true if @var{wc} is a digit (e.g., @samp{0} through @samp{9}).
450 Please note that this function does not only return a nonzero value for
451 @emph{decimal} digits, but for all kinds of digits. A consequence is
452 that code like the following will @strong{not} work unconditionally for
457 while (iswdigit (*wc))
465 This function can be implemented using
468 iswctype (wc, wctype ("digit"))
472 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
475 @cindex graphic character
476 @deftypefun int iswgraph (wint_t @var{wc})
477 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
478 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
479 Returns true if @var{wc} is a graphic character; that is, a character
480 that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters are not
484 This function can be implemented using
487 iswctype (wc, wctype ("graph"))
491 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
494 @cindex lower-case character
495 @deftypefun int iswlower (wint_t @var{wc})
496 @standards{ISO, ctype.h}
497 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
498 Returns true if @var{wc} is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be
499 from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.
502 This function can be implemented using
505 iswctype (wc, wctype ("lower"))
509 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
512 @cindex printing character
513 @deftypefun int iswprint (wint_t @var{wc})
514 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
515 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
516 Returns true if @var{wc} is a printing character. Printing characters
517 include all the graphic characters, plus the space (@samp{ }) character.
520 This function can be implemented using
523 iswctype (wc, wctype ("print"))
527 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
530 @cindex punctuation character
531 @deftypefun int iswpunct (wint_t @var{wc})
532 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
533 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
534 Returns true if @var{wc} is a punctuation character.
535 This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space
539 This function can be implemented using
542 iswctype (wc, wctype ("punct"))
546 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
549 @cindex whitespace character
550 @deftypefun int iswspace (wint_t @var{wc})
551 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
552 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
553 Returns true if @var{wc} is a @dfn{whitespace} character. In the standard
554 @code{"C"} locale, @code{iswspace} returns true for only the standard
555 whitespace characters:
578 This function can be implemented using
581 iswctype (wc, wctype ("space"))
585 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
588 @cindex upper-case character
589 @deftypefun int iswupper (wint_t @var{wc})
590 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
591 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
592 Returns true if @var{wc} is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be
593 from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.
596 This function can be implemented using
599 iswctype (wc, wctype ("upper"))
603 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
606 @cindex hexadecimal digit character
607 @deftypefun int iswxdigit (wint_t @var{wc})
608 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
609 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
610 Returns true if @var{wc} is a hexadecimal digit.
611 Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits @samp{0} through
612 @samp{9} and the letters @samp{A} through @samp{F} and
613 @samp{a} through @samp{f}.
616 This function can be implemented using
619 iswctype (wc, wctype ("xdigit"))
623 It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
626 @Theglibc{} also provides a function which is not defined in the
627 @w{ISO C} standard but which is available as a version for single byte
630 @cindex blank character
631 @deftypefun int iswblank (wint_t @var{wc})
632 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
633 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
634 Returns true if @var{wc} is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab.
635 This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in @w{ISO C99}.
636 It is declared in @file{wchar.h}.
639 @node Using Wide Char Classes, Wide Character Case Conversion, Classification of Wide Characters, Character Handling
640 @section Notes on using the wide character classes
642 The first note is probably not astonishing but still occasionally a
643 cause of problems. The @code{isw@var{XXX}} functions can be implemented
644 using macros and in fact, @theglibc{} does this. They are still
645 available as real functions but when the @file{wctype.h} header is
646 included the macros will be used. This is the same as the
647 @code{char} type versions of these functions.
649 The second note covers something new. It can be best illustrated by a
650 (real-world) example. The first piece of code is an excerpt from the
651 original code. It is truncated a bit but the intention should be clear.
655 is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
657 if (strcmp (class, "alnum") == 0)
659 if (strcmp (class, "alpha") == 0)
661 if (strcmp (class, "cntrl") == 0)
668 Now, with the @code{wctype} and @code{iswctype} you can avoid the
669 @code{if} cascades, but rewriting the code as follows is wrong:
673 is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
675 wctype_t desc = wctype (class);
676 return desc ? iswctype ((wint_t) c, desc) : 0;
680 The problem is that it is not guaranteed that the wide character
681 representation of a single-byte character can be found using casting.
682 In fact, usually this fails miserably. The correct solution to this
683 problem is to write the code as follows:
687 is_in_class (int c, const char *class)
689 wctype_t desc = wctype (class);
690 return desc ? iswctype (btowc (c), desc) : 0;
694 @xref{Converting a Character}, for more information on @code{btowc}.
695 Note that this change probably does not improve the performance
696 of the program a lot since the @code{wctype} function still has to make
697 the string comparisons. It gets really interesting if the
698 @code{is_in_class} function is called more than once for the
699 same class name. In this case the variable @var{desc} could be computed
700 once and reused for all the calls. Therefore the above form of the
701 function is probably not the final one.
704 @node Wide Character Case Conversion, , Using Wide Char Classes, Character Handling
705 @section Mapping of wide characters.
707 The classification functions are also generalized by the @w{ISO C}
708 standard. Instead of just allowing the two standard mappings, a
709 locale can contain others. Again, the @code{localedef} program
710 already supports generating such locale data files.
712 @deftp {Data Type} wctrans_t
713 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
714 This data type is defined as a scalar type which can hold a value
715 representing the locale-dependent character mapping. There is no way to
716 construct such a value apart from using the return value of the
717 @code{wctrans} function.
721 This type is defined in @file{wctype.h}.
724 @deftypefun wctrans_t wctrans (const char *@var{property})
725 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
726 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
727 @c Similar implementation, same caveats as wctype.
728 The @code{wctrans} function has to be used to find out whether a named
729 mapping is defined in the current locale selected for the
730 @code{LC_CTYPE} category. If the returned value is non-zero, you can use
731 it afterwards in calls to @code{towctrans}. If the return value is
732 zero no such mapping is known in the current locale.
734 Beside locale-specific mappings there are two mappings which are
735 guaranteed to be available in every locale:
737 @multitable @columnfractions .5 .5
739 @code{"tolower"} @tab @code{"toupper"}
744 These functions are declared in @file{wctype.h}.
747 @deftypefun wint_t towctrans (wint_t @var{wc}, wctrans_t @var{desc})
748 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
749 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
750 @c Same caveats as iswctype.
751 @code{towctrans} maps the input character @var{wc}
752 according to the rules of the mapping for which @var{desc} is a
753 descriptor, and returns the value it finds. @var{desc} must be
754 obtained by a successful call to @code{wctrans}.
758 This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
761 For the generally available mappings, the @w{ISO C} standard defines
762 convenient shortcuts so that it is not necessary to call @code{wctrans}
765 @deftypefun wint_t towlower (wint_t @var{wc})
766 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
767 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
768 @c Same caveats as iswalnum, just using a wctrans rather than a wctype
770 If @var{wc} is an upper-case letter, @code{towlower} returns the corresponding
771 lower-case letter. If @var{wc} is not an upper-case letter,
772 @var{wc} is returned unchanged.
775 @code{towlower} can be implemented using
778 towctrans (wc, wctrans ("tolower"))
783 This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
786 @deftypefun wint_t towupper (wint_t @var{wc})
787 @standards{ISO, wctype.h}
788 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}
789 If @var{wc} is a lower-case letter, @code{towupper} returns the corresponding
790 upper-case letter. Otherwise @var{wc} is returned unchanged.
793 @code{towupper} can be implemented using
796 towctrans (wc, wctrans ("toupper"))
801 This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.
804 The same warnings given in the last section for the use of the wide
805 character classification functions apply here. It is not possible to
806 simply cast a @code{char} type value to a @code{wint_t} and use it as an
807 argument to @code{towctrans} calls.