1 @node Debugging Support
2 @c @node Debugging Support, POSIX Threads, Cryptographic Functions, Top
3 @c %MENU% Functions to help debugging applications
4 @chapter Debugging support
6 Applications are usually debugged using dedicated debugger programs.
7 But sometimes this is not possible and, in any case, it is useful to
8 provide the developer with as much information as possible at the time
9 the problems are experienced. For this reason a few functions are
10 provided which a program can use to help the developer more easily
15 * Backtraces:: Obtaining and printing a back trace of the
20 @node Backtraces, , , Debugging Support
24 @cindex backtrace_symbols
26 A @dfn{backtrace} is a list of the function calls that are currently
27 active in a thread. The usual way to inspect a backtrace of a program
28 is to use an external debugger such as gdb. However, sometimes it is
29 useful to obtain a backtrace programmatically from within a program,
30 e.g., for the purposes of logging or diagnostics.
32 The header file @file{execinfo.h} declares three functions that obtain
33 and manipulate backtraces of the current thread.
36 @deftypefun int backtrace (void **@var{buffer}, int @var{size})
37 @standards{GNU, execinfo.h}
38 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@asunsafe{@asuinit{} @ascuheap{} @ascudlopen{} @ascuplugin{} @asulock{}}@acunsafe{@acuinit{} @acsmem{} @aculock{} @acsfd{}}}
39 @c The generic implementation just does pointer chasing within the local
40 @c stack, without any guarantees that this will handle signal frames
41 @c correctly, so it's AS-Unsafe to begin with. However, most (all?)
42 @c arches defer to libgcc_s's _Unwind_* implementation, dlopening
43 @c libgcc_s.so to that end except in a static version of libc.
44 @c libgcc_s's implementation may in turn defer to libunwind. We can't
45 @c assume those implementations are AS- or AC-safe, but even if we
46 @c could, our own initialization path isn't, and libgcc's implementation
47 @c calls malloc and performs internal locking, so...
48 The @code{backtrace} function obtains a backtrace for the current
49 thread, as a list of pointers, and places the information into
50 @var{buffer}. The argument @var{size} should be the number of
51 @w{@code{void *}} elements that will fit into @var{buffer}. The return
52 value is the actual number of entries of @var{buffer} that are obtained,
53 and is at most @var{size}.
55 The pointers placed in @var{buffer} are actually return addresses
56 obtained by inspecting the stack, one return address per stack frame.
58 Note that certain compiler optimizations may interfere with obtaining a
59 valid backtrace. Function inlining causes the inlined function to not
60 have a stack frame; tail call optimization replaces one stack frame with
61 another; frame pointer elimination will stop @code{backtrace} from
62 interpreting the stack contents correctly.
65 @deftypefun {char **} backtrace_symbols (void *const *@var{buffer}, int @var{size})
66 @standards{GNU, execinfo.h}
67 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@asunsafe{@ascuheap{}}@acunsafe{@acsmem{} @aculock{}}}
68 @c Collects info returned by _dl_addr in an auto array, allocates memory
69 @c for the whole return buffer with malloc then sprintfs into it storing
70 @c pointers to the strings into the array entries in the buffer.
71 @c _dl_addr takes the recursive dl_load_lock then calls
72 @c _dl_find_dso_for_object and determine_info.
73 @c _dl_find_dso_for_object calls _dl-addr_inside_object.
74 @c All of them are safe as long as the lock is held.
75 @c @asucorrupt? It doesn't look like the dynamic loader's data
76 @c structures could be in an inconsistent state that would cause
78 The @code{backtrace_symbols} function translates the information
79 obtained from the @code{backtrace} function into an array of strings.
80 The argument @var{buffer} should be a pointer to an array of addresses
81 obtained via the @code{backtrace} function, and @var{size} is the number
82 of entries in that array (the return value of @code{backtrace}).
84 The return value is a pointer to an array of strings, which has
85 @var{size} entries just like the array @var{buffer}. Each string
86 contains a printable representation of the corresponding element of
87 @var{buffer}. It includes the function name (if this can be
88 determined), an offset into the function, and the actual return address
91 Currently, the function name and offset can only be obtained on systems that
92 use the ELF binary format for programs and libraries. On other systems,
93 only the hexadecimal return address will be present. Also, you may need
94 to pass additional flags to the linker to make the function names
95 available to the program. (For example, on systems using GNU ld, you
96 must pass @code{-rdynamic}.)
98 The return value of @code{backtrace_symbols} is a pointer obtained via
99 the @code{malloc} function, and it is the responsibility of the caller
100 to @code{free} that pointer. Note that only the return value need be
101 freed, not the individual strings.
103 The return value is @code{NULL} if sufficient memory for the strings
107 @deftypefun void backtrace_symbols_fd (void *const *@var{buffer}, int @var{size}, int @var{fd})
108 @standards{GNU, execinfo.h}
109 @safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acunsafe{@aculock{}}}
110 @c Single loop of _dl_addr over addresses, collecting info into an iovec
111 @c written out with a writev call per iteration. Addresses and offsets
112 @c are converted to hex in auto buffers, so the only potential issue
113 @c here is leaking the dl lock in case of cancellation.
114 The @code{backtrace_symbols_fd} function performs the same translation
115 as the function @code{backtrace_symbols} function. Instead of returning
116 the strings to the caller, it writes the strings to the file descriptor
117 @var{fd}, one per line. It does not use the @code{malloc} function, and
118 can therefore be used in situations where that function might fail.
121 The following program illustrates the use of these functions. Note that
122 the array to contain the return addresses returned by @code{backtrace}
123 is allocated on the stack. Therefore code like this can be used in
124 situations where the memory handling via @code{malloc} does not work
125 anymore (in which case the @code{backtrace_symbols} has to be replaced
126 by a @code{backtrace_symbols_fd} call as well). The number of return
127 addresses is normally not very large. Even complicated programs rather
128 seldom have a nesting level of more than, say, 50 and with 200 possible
129 entries probably all programs should be covered.
132 @include execinfo.c.texi