6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.5.6.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.2]
49 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2].
50 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1].
51 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
53 * link:v1.5.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.4]
56 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
57 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
58 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
59 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
60 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
62 * link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5]
65 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
66 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
67 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
68 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
69 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
70 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
72 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
75 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
76 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
77 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
78 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
79 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
80 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
81 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
82 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
83 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
85 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
88 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
89 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
90 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
91 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
92 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
93 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
95 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
98 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
99 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
100 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
101 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
102 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
103 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
104 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
106 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
109 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
110 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
117 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
118 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
119 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
120 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
129 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
132 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
133 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
134 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
135 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
137 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
138 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
139 because 'git --help ...' is converted internally into 'git
143 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
144 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
145 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
146 the current setting and then exit.
150 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
153 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
156 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
157 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
158 path or relative path to current working directory.
161 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
162 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
163 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
164 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
165 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
166 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
167 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
168 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
169 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
170 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
171 of your working tree.
174 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
175 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
179 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
180 ---------------------
182 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
183 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
185 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
186 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
187 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
189 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
192 The internals are documented in the
193 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
198 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
199 ("plumbing") commands.
201 High-level commands (porcelain)
202 -------------------------------
204 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
205 ancillary user utilities.
207 Main porcelain commands
208 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
210 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
216 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
220 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
223 Interacting with Others
224 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
226 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
227 people via patch over e-mail.
229 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
232 Low-level commands (plumbing)
233 -----------------------------
235 Although git includes its
236 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
237 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
238 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
239 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
241 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
242 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
243 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
244 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
245 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
248 The following description divides
249 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
250 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
251 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
255 Manipulation commands
256 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
258 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
261 Interrogation commands
262 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
264 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
266 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
270 Synching repositories
271 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
273 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
275 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
276 typically do not use them directly.
278 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
281 Internal helper commands
282 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
284 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
285 users typically do not use them directly.
287 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
290 Configuration Mechanism
291 -----------------------
293 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
294 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
295 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
296 people. Here is an example:
300 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
305 ; Don't trust file modes
310 name = "Junio C Hamano"
311 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
315 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
316 their operation accordingly.
319 Identifier Terminology
320 ----------------------
322 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
325 Indicates a blob object name.
328 Indicates a tree object name.
331 Indicates a commit object name.
334 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
335 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
336 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
337 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
340 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
341 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
342 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
343 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
346 Indicates that an object type is required.
347 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
350 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
351 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
355 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
359 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
360 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
364 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
368 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
370 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
371 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
374 File/Directory Structure
375 ------------------------
377 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
379 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
381 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
387 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
390 Environment Variables
391 ---------------------
392 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
396 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
397 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
398 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
401 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
402 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
405 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
406 If the object storage directory is specified via this
407 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
408 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
411 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
412 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
413 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
414 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
415 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
416 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
419 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
420 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
421 for the base of the repository.
424 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
425 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
426 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
427 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
428 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
435 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
436 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
437 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
439 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
444 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
445 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
446 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
447 value passed on the git diff command line.
449 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
450 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
451 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
452 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
453 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
455 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
459 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
460 contents of <old|new>,
461 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
462 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
465 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
466 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
467 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
468 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
469 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
471 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
476 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
477 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
478 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
479 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
482 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
483 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
487 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
488 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
489 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
490 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
491 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
492 shell command to execute on that remote system.
494 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
495 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
496 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
498 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
499 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
503 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
504 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
505 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
506 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
507 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
508 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
509 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
510 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
513 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
514 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
515 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
516 execution and external command execution.
517 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
518 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
519 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
520 trace messages into this file descriptor.
521 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
522 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
523 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
526 Discussion[[Discussion]]
527 ------------------------
529 More detail on the following is available from the
530 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
531 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
533 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
534 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
535 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
536 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
537 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
538 as tags and branch heads.
540 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
541 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
542 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
543 and some number of parent commits.
545 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
546 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
547 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
548 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
550 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
551 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
552 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
553 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
556 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
557 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
559 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
560 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
561 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
562 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
563 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
564 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
566 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
567 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
568 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
569 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
570 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
571 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
572 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
573 content stored in the index.
575 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
576 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
577 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
581 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
582 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
583 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
584 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
588 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
589 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
590 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
594 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
595 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
596 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
597 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
601 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite