6 git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
12 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]...
13 [-m <msg>] <remote> <remote>...
14 'git merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>...
18 This is the top-level interface to the merge machinery
19 which drives multiple merge strategy scripts.
21 The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <remote>) is supported for
22 historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
23 new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <remote>`.
28 include::merge-options.txt[]
31 The commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case
32 it is created). The 'git-fmt-merge-msg' script can be used
33 to give a good default for automated 'git-merge' invocations.
36 Other branch heads to merge into our branch. You need at
37 least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote>
38 obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
40 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
43 If you tried a merge which resulted in a complex conflicts and
44 would want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'.
48 include::merge-config.txt[]
50 branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
51 Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
52 supported options are equal to that of 'git-merge', but option values
53 containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
58 A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more
59 commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must
60 match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit)
61 when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must
62 report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index
63 entries are already in the same state that would result from
66 Three kinds of merge can happen:
68 * The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the
69 simplest case, called "Already up-to-date."
71 * `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the
72 most common case especially when involved through 'git pull':
73 you are tracking an upstream repository, committed no local
74 changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision.
75 Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to at point the merged
76 commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is
77 called "Fast-forward".
79 * Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be
80 tied together by a merge commit that has them both as its parents.
81 The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case.
83 The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single
85 When things cleanly merge, these things happen:
87 1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your
89 2. Index file is written out as a tree;
90 3. The tree gets committed; and
91 4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced.
93 Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index
94 file to match exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we
95 will write out your local changes already registered in your
96 index file along with the merge result, which is not good.
97 Because 1. involves only the paths different between your
98 branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the
99 merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can
100 have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do
101 not overlap with what the merge updates.
103 When there are conflicts, these things happen:
105 1. `HEAD` stays the same.
107 2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and
108 in your working tree.
110 3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
111 versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
112 stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you
113 can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
114 tree files have the result of "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
115 merge result with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`.
117 4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local
118 modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
119 same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
120 i.e. matching `HEAD`.
122 After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
124 * Decide not to merge. The only clean-up you need are to reset
125 the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
126 up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can
129 * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
130 the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
131 'git-add' to the index. 'git-commit' to seal the deal.
133 You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
135 * Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical
136 mergetool which will work you through the merge.
138 * Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff,
139 highlighting changes from both the HEAD and remote versions.
141 * Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>'
142 will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then the
145 * Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the
146 common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD
147 version and 'git show :3:filename' shows the remote version.
151 linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
152 linkgit:gitattributes[5],
153 linkgit:git-reset[1],
154 linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
155 linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
156 linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
160 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
165 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
169 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite