6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See this linkgit:gittutorial[7][tutorial] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7][CVS migration]. See
27 link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.5.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.3]
49 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3].
50 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2].
51 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1].
52 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
54 * link:v1.5.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.4]
57 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
58 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
59 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
60 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
61 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
63 * link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5]
66 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
67 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
68 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
69 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
70 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
71 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
73 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
76 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
77 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
78 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
79 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
80 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
81 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
82 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
83 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
84 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
86 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
89 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
90 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
91 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
92 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
93 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
94 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
96 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
99 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
100 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
101 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
102 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
103 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
104 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
105 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
107 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
110 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
118 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
119 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
120 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
121 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
130 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
133 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
134 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
135 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
136 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
138 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
139 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
140 because 'git --help ...' is converted internally into 'git
144 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
145 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
146 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
147 the current setting and then exit.
151 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
154 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
157 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
158 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
159 path or relative path to current working directory.
162 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
163 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
164 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
165 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
166 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
167 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
168 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
169 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
170 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
171 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
172 of your working tree.
175 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
176 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
180 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
181 ---------------------
183 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
184 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
186 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
187 user-manual] and the linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7][Core tutorial] both provide
188 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
190 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
193 The internals are documented link:technical/api-index.html[here].
198 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
199 ("plumbing") commands.
201 High-level commands (porcelain)
202 -------------------------------
204 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
205 ancillary user utilities.
207 Main porcelain commands
208 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
210 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
216 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
220 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
223 Interacting with Others
224 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
226 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
227 people via patch over e-mail.
229 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
232 Low-level commands (plumbing)
233 -----------------------------
235 Although git includes its
236 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
237 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
238 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
239 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
241 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
242 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
243 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
244 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
245 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
248 The following description divides
249 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
250 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
251 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
255 Manipulation commands
256 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
258 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
261 Interrogation commands
262 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
264 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
266 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
270 Synching repositories
271 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
273 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
275 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
276 typically do not use them directly.
278 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
281 Internal helper commands
282 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
284 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
285 users typically do not use them directly.
287 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
290 Configuration Mechanism
291 -----------------------
293 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
294 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
295 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
296 people. Here is an example:
300 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
305 ; Don't trust file modes
310 name = "Junio C Hamano"
311 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
315 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
316 their operation accordingly.
319 Identifier Terminology
320 ----------------------
322 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
325 Indicates a blob object name.
328 Indicates a tree object name.
331 Indicates a commit object name.
334 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
335 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
336 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
337 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
340 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
341 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
342 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
343 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
346 Indicates that an object type is required.
347 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
350 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
351 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
355 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
359 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
360 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
364 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
368 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
370 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
371 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
374 File/Directory Structure
375 ------------------------
377 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5][repository layout]
380 Read linkgit:githooks[5][hooks] for more details about each hook.
382 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
388 Please see the linkgit:gitglossary[7][glossary] document.
391 Environment Variables
392 ---------------------
393 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
397 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
398 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
399 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
402 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
403 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
406 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
407 If the object storage directory is specified via this
408 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
409 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
412 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
413 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
414 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
415 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
416 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
417 written to these directories.
420 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
421 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
422 for the base of the repository.
425 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
426 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
427 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
428 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
429 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
436 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
437 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
438 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
440 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
445 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
446 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
447 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
448 value passed on the git diff command line.
450 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
451 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
452 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
453 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
454 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
456 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
460 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
461 contents of <old|new>,
462 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
463 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
466 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
467 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
468 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
469 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
470 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
472 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
477 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
478 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
479 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
480 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
483 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
484 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
488 If this environment variable is set then linkgit:git-fetch[1]
489 and linkgit:git-push[1] will use this command instead
490 of `ssh` when they need to connect to a remote system.
491 The 'GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
492 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
493 shell command to execute on that remote system.
495 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
496 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
497 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
499 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
500 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
504 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
505 as git-blame (in incremental mode), git-rev-list, git-log,
506 git-whatchanged, etc., will force a flush of the output stream
507 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
508 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
509 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
510 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
511 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
514 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
515 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
516 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
517 execution and external command execution.
518 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
519 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
520 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
521 trace messages into this file descriptor.
522 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
523 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
524 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
527 Discussion[[Discussion]]
528 ------------------------
530 More detail on the following is available from the
531 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
532 user-manual] and the linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7][Core tutorial].
534 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
535 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
536 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
537 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
538 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
539 as tags and branch heads.
541 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
542 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
543 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
544 and some number of parent commits.
546 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
547 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
548 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
549 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
551 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
552 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
553 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
554 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
557 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
558 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
560 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
561 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
562 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
563 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
564 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
565 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
567 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
568 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
569 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
570 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
571 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
572 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
573 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
574 content stored in the index.
576 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
577 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
578 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
582 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
583 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
584 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
585 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
589 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
590 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
591 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
595 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
596 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
597 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
598 link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
602 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite