6 git-merge - Grand Unified Merge Driver
11 'git-merge' [-n] [--no-commit] [-s <strategy>]... <msg> <head> <remote> <remote>...
16 This is the top-level user interface to the merge machinery
17 which drives multiple merge strategy scripts.
22 include::merge-options.txt[]
25 The commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case
26 it is created). The `git-fmt-merge-msg` script can be used
27 to give a good default for automated `git-merge` invocations.
30 our branch head commit.
33 other branch head merged into our branch. You need at
34 least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote>
35 obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
37 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
40 If you tried a merge which resulted in a complex conflicts and
41 would want to start over, you can recover with
48 A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more
49 remote branch heads, and the index file must exactly match the
50 tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit) when
51 it happens. In other words, `git-diff --cached HEAD` must
55 This is a bit of lie. In certain special cases, your index are
56 allowed to be different from the tree of `HEAD` commit. The most
57 notable case is when your `HEAD` commit is already ahead of what
58 is being merged, in which case your index can have arbitrary
59 difference from your `HEAD` commit. Otherwise, your index entries
60 are allowed have differences from your `HEAD` commit that match
61 the result of trivial merge (e.g. you received the same patch
62 from external source to produce the same result as what you are
63 merging). For example, if a path did not exist in the common
64 ancestor and your head commit but exists in the tree you are
65 merging into your repository, and if you already happen to have
66 that path exactly in your index, the merge does not have to
69 Otherwise, merge will refuse to do any harm to your repository
70 (that is, it may fetch the objects from remote, and it may even
71 update the local branch used to keep track of the remote branch
72 with `git pull remote rbranch:lbranch`, but your working tree,
73 `.git/HEAD` pointer and index file are left intact).
75 You may have local modifications in the working tree files. In
76 other words, `git-diff` is allowed to report changes.
77 However, the merge uses your working tree as the working area,
78 and in order to prevent the merge operation from losing such
79 changes, it makes sure that they do not interfere with the
80 merge. Those complex tables in read-tree documentation define
81 what it means for a path to "interfere with the merge". And if
82 your local modifications interfere with the merge, again, it
83 stops before touching anything.
85 So in the above two "failed merge" case, you do not have to
86 worry about lossage of data --- you simply were not ready to do
87 a merge, so no merge happened at all. You may want to finish
88 whatever you were in the middle of doing, and retry the same
89 pull after you are done and ready.
91 When things cleanly merge, these things happen:
93 1. the results are updated both in the index file and in your
95 2. index file is written out as a tree,
96 3. the tree gets committed, and
97 4. the `HEAD` pointer gets advanced.
99 Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index
100 file to match exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we
101 will write out your local changes already registered in your
102 index file along with the merge result, which is not good.
103 Because 1. involves only the paths different between your
104 branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the
105 merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can
106 have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do
107 not overlap with what the merge updates.
109 When there are conflicts, these things happen:
111 1. `HEAD` stays the same.
113 2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and
114 in your working tree.
116 3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
117 versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
118 stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you
119 can inspect the stages with `git-ls-files -u`). The working
120 tree files have the result of "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
121 merge result with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`.
123 4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local
124 modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
125 same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
126 i.e. matching `HEAD`.
128 After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
130 * Decide not to merge. The only clean-up you need are to reset
131 the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
132 up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git-reset` can
135 * Resolve the conflicts. `git-diff` would report only the
136 conflicting paths because of the above 2. and 3.. Edit the
137 working tree files into a desirable shape, `git-update-index`
138 them, to make the index file contain what the merge result
139 should be, and run `git-commit` to commit the result.
144 gitlink:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], gitlink:git-pull[1]
149 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
154 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
158 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite