6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.2]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
54 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
66 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
77 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
89 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
100 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
109 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
119 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
129 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
139 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
148 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
162 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
170 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
173 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
174 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
184 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
194 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
211 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
219 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
230 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
241 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
252 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
264 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
277 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
287 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
298 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
309 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
310 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
311 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
312 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
321 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
324 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
325 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
326 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
327 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
329 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
330 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
331 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
335 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
336 given will override values from configuration files.
337 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
338 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
340 --exec-path[=<path>]::
341 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
342 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
343 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
344 the current setting and then exit.
347 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
348 documentation is installed and exit.
351 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
352 this version of git and exit.
355 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
356 version of git are installed and exit.
360 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
361 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
362 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
366 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
369 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
370 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
371 path or relative path to current working directory.
374 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
375 or a path relative to the current working directory.
376 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
377 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
378 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
379 more detailed discussion).
382 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
383 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
387 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
388 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
391 --no-replace-objects::
392 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
393 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
396 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
397 ---------------------
399 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
400 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
402 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
403 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
404 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
406 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
408 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
411 The internals are documented in the
412 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
417 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
418 ("plumbing") commands.
420 High-level commands (porcelain)
421 -------------------------------
423 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
424 ancillary user utilities.
426 Main porcelain commands
427 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
429 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
435 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
439 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
442 Interacting with Others
443 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
445 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
446 people via patch over e-mail.
448 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
451 Low-level commands (plumbing)
452 -----------------------------
454 Although git includes its
455 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
456 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
457 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
458 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
460 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
461 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
462 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
463 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
464 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
467 The following description divides
468 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
469 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
470 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
474 Manipulation commands
475 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
477 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
480 Interrogation commands
481 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
483 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
485 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
489 Synching repositories
490 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
492 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
494 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
495 typically do not use them directly.
497 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
500 Internal helper commands
501 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
503 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
504 users typically do not use them directly.
506 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
509 Configuration Mechanism
510 -----------------------
512 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
513 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
514 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
515 people. Here is an example:
519 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
524 ; Don't trust file modes
529 name = "Junio C Hamano"
530 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
534 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
535 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
539 Identifier Terminology
540 ----------------------
542 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
545 Indicates a blob object name.
548 Indicates a tree object name.
551 Indicates a commit object name.
554 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
555 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
556 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
557 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
560 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
561 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
562 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
563 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
566 Indicates that an object type is required.
567 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
570 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
571 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
575 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
579 indicates the head of the current branch.
583 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
587 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
589 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
590 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
593 File/Directory Structure
594 ------------------------
596 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
598 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
600 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
606 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
609 Environment Variables
610 ---------------------
611 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
615 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
616 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
617 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
620 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
621 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
624 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
625 If the object storage directory is specified via this
626 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
627 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
630 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
631 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
632 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
633 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
634 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
635 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
638 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
639 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
640 for the base of the repository.
643 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
644 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
645 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
646 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
647 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
650 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
651 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
653 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
654 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
655 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
656 up into while looking for a repository directory.
657 It will not exclude the current working directory or
658 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
659 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
661 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
662 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
663 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
664 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
665 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
666 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
667 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
668 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
676 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
677 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
678 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
680 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
685 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
686 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
687 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
688 value passed on the git diff command line.
690 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
691 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
692 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
693 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
694 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
696 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
700 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
701 contents of <old|new>,
702 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
703 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
705 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
706 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
707 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
708 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
709 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
711 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
716 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
717 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
718 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
719 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
722 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
723 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
724 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
725 linkgit:git-config[1].
728 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
729 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
730 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
731 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
734 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
735 and 'git push' will use this command instead
736 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
737 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
738 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
739 shell command to execute on that remote system.
741 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
742 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
743 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
745 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
746 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
750 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
751 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
752 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
753 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
754 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
757 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
758 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
759 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
760 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
761 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
762 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
763 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
764 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
767 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
768 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
769 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
770 execution and external command execution.
771 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
772 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
773 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
774 trace messages into this file descriptor.
775 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
776 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
777 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
780 Discussion[[Discussion]]
781 ------------------------
783 More detail on the following is available from the
784 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
785 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
787 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
788 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
789 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
790 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
791 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
792 as tags and branch heads.
794 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
795 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
796 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
797 and some number of parent commits.
799 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
800 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
801 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
802 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
804 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
805 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
806 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
807 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
810 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
811 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
813 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
814 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
815 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
816 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
817 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
818 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
820 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
821 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
822 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
823 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
824 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
825 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
826 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
827 content stored in the index.
829 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
830 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
831 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
835 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
836 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
837 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
838 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
839 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
840 the authors for specific parts of the project.
845 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
846 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
847 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
851 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
852 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
853 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
854 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
855 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
859 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite