6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
51 * link:v1.6.5.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.7]
54 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
55 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
56 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
57 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
58 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
59 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
60 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
61 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
63 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
66 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
67 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
68 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
69 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
70 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
72 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
75 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
76 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
77 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
78 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
79 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
82 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
83 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
84 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
89 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
92 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
93 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
94 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
95 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
97 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
100 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
101 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
102 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
103 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
104 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
105 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
106 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
108 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
117 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
119 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
126 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
127 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
128 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
130 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
133 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
134 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
135 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
136 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
137 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
138 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
139 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
140 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
142 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
145 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
146 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
147 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
148 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
149 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
150 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
151 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
152 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
155 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
158 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
159 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
160 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
161 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
162 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
163 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
165 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
168 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
169 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
170 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
171 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
172 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
173 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
174 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
176 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
179 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
180 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
181 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
182 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
183 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
184 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
185 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
187 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
188 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
189 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
190 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
199 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
202 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
203 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
204 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
205 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
207 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
208 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
209 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
213 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
214 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
215 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
216 the current setting and then exit.
219 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
224 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
227 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
230 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
231 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
232 path or relative path to current working directory.
235 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
236 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
237 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
238 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
239 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
240 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
241 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
242 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
243 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
244 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
245 of your working tree.
248 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
249 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
252 --no-replace-objects::
253 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
254 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
257 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
258 ---------------------
260 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
261 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
263 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
264 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
265 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
267 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
269 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
272 The internals are documented in the
273 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
278 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
279 ("plumbing") commands.
281 High-level commands (porcelain)
282 -------------------------------
284 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
285 ancillary user utilities.
287 Main porcelain commands
288 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
290 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
296 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
300 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
303 Interacting with Others
304 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
306 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
307 people via patch over e-mail.
309 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
312 Low-level commands (plumbing)
313 -----------------------------
315 Although git includes its
316 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
317 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
318 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
319 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
321 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
322 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
323 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
324 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
325 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
328 The following description divides
329 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
330 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
331 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
335 Manipulation commands
336 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
338 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
341 Interrogation commands
342 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
344 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
346 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
350 Synching repositories
351 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
353 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
355 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
356 typically do not use them directly.
358 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
361 Internal helper commands
362 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
364 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
365 users typically do not use them directly.
367 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
370 Configuration Mechanism
371 -----------------------
373 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
374 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
375 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
376 people. Here is an example:
380 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
385 ; Don't trust file modes
390 name = "Junio C Hamano"
391 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
395 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
396 their operation accordingly.
399 Identifier Terminology
400 ----------------------
402 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
405 Indicates a blob object name.
408 Indicates a tree object name.
411 Indicates a commit object name.
414 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
415 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
416 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
417 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
420 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
421 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
422 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
423 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
426 Indicates that an object type is required.
427 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
430 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
431 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
435 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
439 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
440 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
444 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
448 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
450 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
451 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
454 File/Directory Structure
455 ------------------------
457 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
459 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
461 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
467 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
470 Environment Variables
471 ---------------------
472 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
476 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
477 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
478 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
481 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
482 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
485 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
486 If the object storage directory is specified via this
487 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
488 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
491 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
492 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
493 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
494 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
495 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
496 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
499 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
500 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
501 for the base of the repository.
504 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
505 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
506 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
507 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
508 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
510 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
511 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
512 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
513 up into while looking for a repository directory.
514 It will not exclude the current working directory or
515 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
516 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
523 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
524 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
525 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
527 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
532 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
533 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
534 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
535 value passed on the git diff command line.
537 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
538 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
539 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
540 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
541 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
543 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
547 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
548 contents of <old|new>,
549 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
550 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
553 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
554 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
555 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
556 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
557 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
559 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
564 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
565 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
566 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
567 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
570 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
571 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
572 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
573 linkgit:git-config[1].
576 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
577 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
578 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
579 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
580 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
581 shell command to execute on that remote system.
583 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
584 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
585 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
587 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
588 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
592 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
593 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
594 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
595 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
596 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
597 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
598 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
599 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
602 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
603 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
604 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
605 execution and external command execution.
606 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
607 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
608 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
609 trace messages into this file descriptor.
610 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
611 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
612 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
615 Discussion[[Discussion]]
616 ------------------------
618 More detail on the following is available from the
619 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
620 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
622 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
623 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
624 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
625 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
626 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
627 as tags and branch heads.
629 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
630 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
631 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
632 and some number of parent commits.
634 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
635 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
636 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
637 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
639 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
640 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
641 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
642 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
645 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
646 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
648 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
649 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
650 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
651 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
652 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
653 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
655 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
656 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
657 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
658 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
659 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
660 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
661 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
662 content stored in the index.
664 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
665 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
666 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
670 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
671 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
672 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
673 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
677 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
678 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
679 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
683 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
684 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
685 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
686 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
687 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
691 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite