4 The lockfile API serves two purposes:
6 * Mutual exclusion and atomic file updates. When we want to change a
7 file, we create a lockfile `<filename>.lock`, write the new file
8 contents into it, and then rename the lockfile to its final
9 destination `<filename>`. We create the `<filename>.lock` file with
10 `O_CREAT|O_EXCL` so that we can notice and fail if somebody else has
11 already locked the file, then atomically rename the lockfile to its
12 final destination to commit the changes and unlock the file.
14 * Automatic cruft removal. If the program exits after we lock a file
15 but before the changes have been committed, we want to make sure
16 that we remove the lockfile. This is done by remembering the
17 lockfiles we have created in a linked list and setting up an
18 `atexit(3)` handler and a signal handler that clean up the
19 lockfiles. This mechanism ensures that outstanding lockfiles are
20 cleaned up if the program exits (including when `die()` is called)
21 or if the program dies on a signal.
23 Please note that lockfiles only block other writers. Readers do not
24 block, but they are guaranteed to see either the old contents of the
25 file or the new contents of the file (assuming that the filesystem
26 implements `rename(2)` atomically).
34 * Allocates a `struct lock_file` either as a static variable or on the
35 heap, initialized to zeros. Once you use the structure to call the
36 `hold_lock_file_*` family of functions, it belongs to the lockfile
37 subsystem and its storage must remain valid throughout the life of
38 the program (i.e. you cannot use an on-stack variable to hold this
41 * Attempts to create a lockfile by passing that variable and the path
42 of the final destination (e.g. `$GIT_DIR/index`) to
43 `hold_lock_file_for_update` or `hold_lock_file_for_append`.
45 * Writes new content for the destination file by either:
47 * writing to the file descriptor returned by the `hold_lock_file_*`
48 functions (also available via `lock->fd`).
50 * calling `fdopen_lock_file` to get a `FILE` pointer for the open
51 file and writing to the file using stdio.
53 When finished writing, the caller can:
55 * Close the file descriptor and rename the lockfile to its final
56 destination by calling `commit_lock_file` or `commit_lock_file_to`.
58 * Close the file descriptor and remove the lockfile by calling
61 * Close the file descriptor without removing or renaming the lockfile
62 by calling `close_lock_file`, and later call `commit_lock_file`,
63 `commit_lock_file_to`, `rollback_lock_file`, or `reopen_lock_file`.
65 Even after the lockfile is committed or rolled back, the `lock_file`
66 object must not be freed or altered by the caller. However, it may be
67 reused; just pass it to another call of `hold_lock_file_for_update` or
68 `hold_lock_file_for_append`.
70 If the program exits before you have called one of `commit_lock_file`,
71 `commit_lock_file_to`, `rollback_lock_file`, or `close_lock_file`, an
72 `atexit(3)` handler will close and remove the lockfile, rolling back
73 any uncommitted changes.
75 If you need to close the file descriptor you obtained from a
76 `hold_lock_file_*` function yourself, do so by calling
77 `close_lock_file`. You should never call `close(2)` or `fclose(3)`
78 yourself! Otherwise the `struct lock_file` structure would still think
79 that the file descriptor needs to be closed, and a commit or rollback
80 would result in duplicate calls to `close(2)`. Worse yet, if you close
81 and then later open another file descriptor for a completely different
82 purpose, then a commit or rollback might close that unrelated file
89 The `hold_lock_file_*` functions return a file descriptor on success
90 or -1 on failure (unless `LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR` is used; see below). On
91 errors, `errno` describes the reason for failure. Errors can be
92 reported by passing `errno` to one of the following helper functions:
94 unable_to_lock_message::
96 Append an appropriate error message to a `strbuf`.
98 unable_to_lock_error::
100 Emit an appropriate error message using `error()`.
104 Emit an appropriate error message and `die()`.
106 Similarly, `commit_lock_file`, `commit_lock_file_to`, and
107 `close_lock_file` return 0 on success. On failure they set `errno`
108 appropriately, do their best to roll back the lockfile, and return -1.
114 The following flags can be passed to `hold_lock_file_for_update` or
115 `hold_lock_file_for_append`:
119 Usually symbolic links in the destination path are resolved
120 and the lockfile is created by adding ".lock" to the resolved
121 path. If `LOCK_NO_DEREF` is set, then the lockfile is created
122 by adding ".lock" to the path argument itself. This option is
123 used, for example, when locking a symbolic reference, which
124 for backwards-compatibility reasons can be a symbolic link
125 containing the name of the referred-to-reference.
129 If a lock is already taken for the file, `die()` with an error
130 message. If this option is not specified, trying to lock a
131 file that is already locked returns -1 to the caller.
137 hold_lock_file_for_update::
139 Take a pointer to `struct lock_file`, the path of the file to
140 be locked (e.g. `$GIT_DIR/index`) and a flags argument (see
141 above). Attempt to create a lockfile for the destination and
142 return the file descriptor for writing to the file.
144 hold_lock_file_for_append::
146 Like `hold_lock_file_for_update`, but before returning copy
147 the existing contents of the file (if any) to the lockfile and
148 position its write pointer at the end of the file.
152 Associate a stdio stream with the lockfile. Return NULL
153 (*without* rolling back the lockfile) on error. The stream is
154 closed automatically when `close_lock_file` is called or when
155 the file is committed or rolled back.
157 get_locked_file_path::
159 Return the path of the file that is locked by the specified
160 lock_file object. The caller must free the memory.
164 Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized with an
165 earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update` or
166 `hold_lock_file_for_append`, close the file descriptor, and
167 rename the lockfile to its final destination. Return 0 upon
168 success. On failure, roll back the lock file and return -1,
169 with `errno` set to the value from the failing call to
170 `close(2)` or `rename(2)`. It is a bug to call
171 `commit_lock_file` for a `lock_file` object that is not
174 commit_lock_file_to::
176 Like `commit_lock_file()`, except that it takes an explicit
177 `path` argument to which the lockfile should be renamed. The
178 `path` must be on the same filesystem as the lock file.
182 Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized with an
183 earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update` or
184 `hold_lock_file_for_append`, close the file descriptor and
185 remove the lockfile. It is a NOOP to call
186 `rollback_lock_file()` for a `lock_file` object that has
187 already been committed or rolled back.
191 Take a pointer to the `struct lock_file` initialized with an
192 earlier call to `hold_lock_file_for_update` or
193 `hold_lock_file_for_append`. Close the file descriptor (and
194 the file pointer if it has been opened using
195 `fdopen_lock_file`). Return 0 upon success. On failure to
196 `close(2)`, return a negative value and roll back the lock
197 file. Usually `commit_lock_file`, `commit_lock_file_to`, or
198 `rollback_lock_file` should eventually be called if
199 `close_lock_file` succeeds.
203 Re-open a lockfile that has been closed (using
204 `close_lock_file`) but not yet committed or rolled back. This
205 can be used to implement a sequence of operations like the
210 * Write new contents to lockfile, then `close_lock_file` to
211 cause the contents to be written to disk.
213 * Pass the name of the lockfile to another program to allow it
214 (and nobody else) to inspect the contents you wrote, while
215 still holding the lock yourself.
217 * `reopen_lock_file` to reopen the lockfile. Make further
218 updates to the contents.
220 * `commit_lock_file` to make the final version permanent.