6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
53 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
62 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
65 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
70 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
73 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
74 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
79 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
81 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
84 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
85 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
86 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
87 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
89 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
98 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
110 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
120 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
132 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
143 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
155 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
166 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
175 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
185 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
195 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
205 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
214 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
217 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
218 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
228 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
236 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
250 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
260 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
270 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
277 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
280 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
285 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
288 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
289 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
294 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
296 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
307 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
318 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
330 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
343 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
346 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
353 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
356 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
357 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
364 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
367 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
368 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
375 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
376 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
377 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
378 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
387 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
390 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
391 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
392 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
393 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
395 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
396 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
397 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
401 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
402 given will override values from configuration files.
403 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
404 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
406 --exec-path[=<path>]::
407 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
408 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
409 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
410 the current setting and then exit.
413 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
414 documentation is installed and exit.
417 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
418 this version of Git and exit.
421 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
422 version of Git are installed and exit.
426 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
427 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
428 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
432 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
435 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
436 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
437 path or relative path to current working directory.
440 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
441 or a path relative to the current working directory.
442 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
443 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
444 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
445 more detailed discussion).
448 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
449 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
453 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
454 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
457 --no-replace-objects::
458 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
459 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
461 --literal-pathspecs::
462 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
463 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
470 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
471 ("plumbing") commands.
473 High-level commands (porcelain)
474 -------------------------------
476 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
477 ancillary user utilities.
479 Main porcelain commands
480 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
482 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
488 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
492 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
495 Interacting with Others
496 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
498 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
499 people via patch over e-mail.
501 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
504 Low-level commands (plumbing)
505 -----------------------------
507 Although Git includes its
508 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
509 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
510 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
511 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
513 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
514 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
515 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
516 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
517 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
520 The following description divides
521 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
522 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
523 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
527 Manipulation commands
528 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
530 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
533 Interrogation commands
534 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
536 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
538 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
542 Synching repositories
543 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
545 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
547 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
548 typically do not use them directly.
550 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
553 Internal helper commands
554 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
556 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
557 users typically do not use them directly.
559 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
562 Configuration Mechanism
563 -----------------------
565 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
566 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
571 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
576 ; Don't trust file modes
581 name = "Junio C Hamano"
582 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
586 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
587 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
588 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
591 Identifier Terminology
592 ----------------------
594 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
597 Indicates a blob object name.
600 Indicates a tree object name.
603 Indicates a commit object name.
606 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
607 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
608 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
609 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
612 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
613 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
614 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
615 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
618 Indicates that an object type is required.
619 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
622 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
623 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
627 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
631 indicates the head of the current branch.
635 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
639 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
641 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
642 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
645 File/Directory Structure
646 ------------------------
648 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
650 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
652 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
658 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
661 Environment Variables
662 ---------------------
663 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
667 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
668 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
669 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
672 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
673 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
676 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
677 If the object storage directory is specified via this
678 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
679 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
682 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
683 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
684 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
685 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
686 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
687 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
690 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
691 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
692 for the base of the repository.
693 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
696 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
697 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
698 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
701 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
702 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
704 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
705 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
706 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
707 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
708 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
709 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
710 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
711 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
712 might be present in order to compare them with the current
713 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
714 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
715 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
717 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
719 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
720 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
721 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
722 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
723 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
724 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
725 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
726 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
734 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
735 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
736 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
738 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
743 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
744 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
745 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
746 value passed on the Git diff command line.
748 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
749 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
750 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
751 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
752 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
754 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
758 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
759 contents of <old|new>,
760 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
761 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
763 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
764 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
765 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
766 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
767 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
769 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
774 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
775 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
776 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
777 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
780 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
781 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
782 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
783 linkgit:git-config[1].
786 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
787 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
788 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
789 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
792 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
793 and 'git push' will use this command instead
794 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
795 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
796 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
797 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
798 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
799 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
800 than the default SSH port.
802 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
803 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
804 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
806 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
807 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
811 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
812 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
813 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
814 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
815 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
817 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
818 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
819 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
820 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
821 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
822 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
823 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
826 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
827 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
828 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
829 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
831 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
832 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
833 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
834 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
837 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
838 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
839 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
840 execution and external command execution.
841 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
842 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
843 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
844 trace messages into this file descriptor.
845 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
846 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
847 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
850 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
851 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
852 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
853 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
854 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
855 pack-related performance problems.
858 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
859 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
860 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
861 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
863 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
864 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
865 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
866 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
867 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
868 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
869 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
870 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
873 Discussion[[Discussion]]
874 ------------------------
876 More detail on the following is available from the
877 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
878 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
880 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
881 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
882 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
883 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
884 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
885 as tags and branch heads.
887 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
888 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
889 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
890 and some number of parent commits.
892 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
893 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
894 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
895 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
897 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
898 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
899 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
900 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
903 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
904 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
906 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
907 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
908 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
909 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
910 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
911 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
913 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
914 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
915 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
916 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
917 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
918 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
919 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
920 content stored in the index.
922 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
923 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
924 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
926 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
927 ---------------------
929 See the references in the "description" section to get started
930 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
931 for a first-time user.
933 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
934 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
935 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
937 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
939 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
942 The internals are documented in the
943 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
945 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
946 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
951 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
952 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
953 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
954 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
956 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
957 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
958 the authors for specific parts of the project.
963 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
964 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
965 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
969 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
970 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
971 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
972 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
973 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
977 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite