6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
54 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
57 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
69 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
80 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
92 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
103 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
112 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
122 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
132 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
142 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
151 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
165 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
173 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
183 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
184 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
185 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
187 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
197 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
214 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
222 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
233 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
241 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
242 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
244 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
253 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
255 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
267 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
280 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
290 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
301 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
312 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
313 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
314 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
315 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
324 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
327 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
328 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
329 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
330 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
332 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
333 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
334 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
338 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
339 given will override values from configuration files.
340 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
341 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
343 --exec-path[=<path>]::
344 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
345 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
346 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
347 the current setting and then exit.
350 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
351 documentation is installed and exit.
354 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
355 this version of git and exit.
358 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
359 version of git are installed and exit.
363 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
364 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
365 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
369 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
372 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
373 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
374 path or relative path to current working directory.
377 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
378 or a path relative to the current working directory.
379 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
380 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
381 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
382 more detailed discussion).
385 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
386 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
390 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
391 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
394 --no-replace-objects::
395 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
396 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
399 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
400 ---------------------
402 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
403 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
405 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
406 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
407 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
409 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
411 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
414 The internals are documented in the
415 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
420 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
421 ("plumbing") commands.
423 High-level commands (porcelain)
424 -------------------------------
426 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
427 ancillary user utilities.
429 Main porcelain commands
430 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
432 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
438 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
442 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
445 Interacting with Others
446 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
448 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
449 people via patch over e-mail.
451 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
454 Low-level commands (plumbing)
455 -----------------------------
457 Although git includes its
458 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
459 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
460 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
461 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
463 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
464 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
465 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
466 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
467 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
470 The following description divides
471 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
472 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
473 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
477 Manipulation commands
478 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
480 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
483 Interrogation commands
484 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
486 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
488 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
492 Synching repositories
493 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
495 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
497 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
498 typically do not use them directly.
500 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
503 Internal helper commands
504 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
506 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
507 users typically do not use them directly.
509 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
512 Configuration Mechanism
513 -----------------------
515 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
516 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
517 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
518 people. Here is an example:
522 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
527 ; Don't trust file modes
532 name = "Junio C Hamano"
533 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
537 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
538 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
542 Identifier Terminology
543 ----------------------
545 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
548 Indicates a blob object name.
551 Indicates a tree object name.
554 Indicates a commit object name.
557 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
558 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
559 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
560 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
563 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
564 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
565 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
566 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
569 Indicates that an object type is required.
570 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
573 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
574 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
578 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
582 indicates the head of the current branch.
586 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
590 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
592 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
593 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
596 File/Directory Structure
597 ------------------------
599 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
601 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
603 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
609 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
612 Environment Variables
613 ---------------------
614 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
618 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
619 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
620 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
623 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
624 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
627 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
628 If the object storage directory is specified via this
629 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
630 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
633 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
634 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
635 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
636 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
637 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
638 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
641 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
642 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
643 for the base of the repository.
646 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
647 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
648 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
649 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
650 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
653 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
654 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
656 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
657 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
658 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
659 up into while looking for a repository directory.
660 It will not exclude the current working directory or
661 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
662 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
664 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
665 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
666 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
667 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
668 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
669 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
670 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
671 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
679 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
680 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
681 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
683 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
688 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
689 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
690 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
691 value passed on the git diff command line.
693 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
694 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
695 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
696 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
697 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
699 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
703 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
704 contents of <old|new>,
705 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
706 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
708 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
709 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
710 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
711 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
712 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
714 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
719 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
720 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
721 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
722 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
725 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
726 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
727 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
728 linkgit:git-config[1].
731 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
732 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
733 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
734 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
737 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
738 and 'git push' will use this command instead
739 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
740 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
741 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
742 shell command to execute on that remote system.
744 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
745 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
746 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
748 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
749 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
753 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
754 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
755 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
756 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
757 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
760 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
761 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
762 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
763 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
764 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
765 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
766 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
767 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
770 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
771 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
772 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
773 execution and external command execution.
774 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
775 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
776 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
777 trace messages into this file descriptor.
778 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
779 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
780 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
783 Discussion[[Discussion]]
784 ------------------------
786 More detail on the following is available from the
787 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
788 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
790 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
791 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
792 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
793 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
794 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
795 as tags and branch heads.
797 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
798 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
799 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
800 and some number of parent commits.
802 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
803 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
804 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
805 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
807 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
808 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
809 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
810 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
813 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
814 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
816 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
817 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
818 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
819 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
820 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
821 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
823 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
824 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
825 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
826 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
827 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
828 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
829 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
830 content stored in the index.
832 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
833 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
834 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
838 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
839 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
840 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
841 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
842 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
843 the authors for specific parts of the project.
848 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
849 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
850 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
854 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
855 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
856 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
857 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
858 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
862 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite