6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
16 [--super-prefix=<path>]
21 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
22 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
23 and full access to internals.
25 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
26 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
27 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
28 in-depth introduction.
30 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
31 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
32 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
33 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
35 A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
36 can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v2.12.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.1]
50 link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1].
51 link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12].
53 * link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
56 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
57 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
59 * link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2]
62 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
63 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
64 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
66 * link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3]
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71 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
72 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
74 * link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4]
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80 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
81 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
83 * link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
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88 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
89 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
91 * link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
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99 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
100 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
102 * link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5]
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110 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
112 * link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11]
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126 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
128 * link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
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140 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
141 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
143 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
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151 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
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160 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
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170 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
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180 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
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191 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
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201 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
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208 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
210 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
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218 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
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229 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
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237 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
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314 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
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333 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
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487 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
488 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
489 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
491 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
494 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
495 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
496 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
497 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
498 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
499 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
501 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
504 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
505 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
506 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
507 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
508 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
509 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
510 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
512 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
515 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
516 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
517 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
518 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
519 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
520 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
521 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
523 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
524 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
525 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
526 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
535 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
538 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
539 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
540 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
541 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
543 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
544 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
545 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
549 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
550 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
551 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
554 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
555 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
556 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
557 example the following invocations are equivalent:
559 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
560 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
563 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
564 given will override values from configuration files.
565 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
566 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
568 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
569 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
570 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
571 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
573 --exec-path[=<path>]::
574 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
575 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
576 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
577 the current setting and then exit.
580 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
581 documentation is installed and exit.
584 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
585 this version of Git and exit.
588 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
589 version of Git are installed and exit.
593 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
594 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
595 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
599 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
602 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
603 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
604 path or relative path to current working directory.
607 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
608 or a path relative to the current working directory.
609 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
610 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
611 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
612 more detailed discussion).
615 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
616 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
619 --super-prefix=<path>::
620 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from
621 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules
622 context about the superproject that invoked it.
625 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
626 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
629 --no-replace-objects::
630 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
631 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
633 --literal-pathspecs::
634 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
635 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
639 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
640 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
641 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
645 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
646 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
647 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
651 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
652 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
657 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
658 ("plumbing") commands.
660 High-level commands (porcelain)
661 -------------------------------
663 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
664 ancillary user utilities.
666 Main porcelain commands
667 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
669 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
675 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
679 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
682 Interacting with Others
683 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
685 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
686 people via patch over e-mail.
688 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
691 Low-level commands (plumbing)
692 -----------------------------
694 Although Git includes its
695 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
696 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
697 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
698 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
700 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
701 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
702 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
703 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
704 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
707 The following description divides
708 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
709 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
710 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
714 Manipulation commands
715 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
717 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
720 Interrogation commands
721 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
723 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
725 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
729 Synching repositories
730 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
732 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
734 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
735 typically do not use them directly.
737 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
740 Internal helper commands
741 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
743 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
744 users typically do not use them directly.
746 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
749 Configuration Mechanism
750 -----------------------
752 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
753 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
758 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
763 ; Don't trust file modes
768 name = "Junio C Hamano"
769 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
773 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
774 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
775 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
778 Identifier Terminology
779 ----------------------
781 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
784 Indicates a blob object name.
787 Indicates a tree object name.
790 Indicates a commit object name.
793 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
794 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
795 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
796 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
799 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
800 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
801 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
802 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
805 Indicates that an object type is required.
806 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
809 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
810 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
814 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
818 indicates the head of the current branch.
822 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
826 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
828 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
829 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
832 File/Directory Structure
833 ------------------------
835 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
837 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
839 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
845 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
848 Environment Variables
849 ---------------------
850 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
854 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
855 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
856 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
859 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
860 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
863 `GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
864 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
865 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
866 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
867 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
869 `GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
870 If the object storage directory is specified via this
871 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
872 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
875 `GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
876 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
877 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
878 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
879 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
880 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
882 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
883 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
884 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
885 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
886 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
889 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
890 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
891 for the base of the repository.
892 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
895 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
896 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
897 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
900 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
901 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
903 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
904 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
905 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
906 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
907 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
908 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
909 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
910 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
911 might be present in order to compare them with the current
912 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
913 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
914 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
916 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
918 `GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
919 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
920 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
921 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
922 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
923 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
924 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
925 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
929 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
930 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
931 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
932 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
933 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
934 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
935 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
942 `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
943 `GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
944 `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
946 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
951 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
952 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
953 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
954 value passed on the Git diff command line.
956 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
957 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
958 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
959 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
960 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
962 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
966 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
967 contents of <old|new>,
968 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
969 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
971 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
972 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
973 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
974 index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
975 temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
977 For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
980 For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
981 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
983 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
984 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
986 `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
987 The total number of paths.
991 `GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
992 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
993 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
994 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
997 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
998 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
999 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
1000 linkgit:git-config[1].
1003 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1004 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1005 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1006 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1010 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1011 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1012 when they need to connect to a remote system.
1013 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1014 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1015 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1016 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1017 something other than the default SSH port.
1019 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1020 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1021 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1022 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1025 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1026 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
1027 for further details.
1030 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1031 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1032 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1033 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1034 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1036 `GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1037 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1038 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1040 `GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1041 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1042 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1043 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1044 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1045 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1046 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1049 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1050 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1051 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1052 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1054 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1055 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1056 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1057 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1060 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1061 command execution and external command execution.
1063 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1064 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1067 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1068 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1069 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1070 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1072 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1073 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1074 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1077 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1078 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1080 `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1081 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1082 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1083 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1084 pack-related performance problems.
1085 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1087 `GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1088 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1089 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1090 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1091 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1092 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1094 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1095 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1096 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1097 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1098 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1099 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1100 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1102 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1103 of clones and fetches.
1105 `GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1106 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1107 time of each Git command.
1108 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1111 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1112 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1113 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1115 `GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1116 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1117 cloning of shallow repositories.
1118 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1121 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1122 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1123 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1124 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1126 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1128 `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1129 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1130 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1131 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1132 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1133 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1134 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1135 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1137 `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1138 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1139 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1141 `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1142 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1143 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1145 `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1146 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1147 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1149 `GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1150 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1151 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1152 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1153 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1154 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1155 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1156 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1157 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1159 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1160 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1161 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1162 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1163 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1164 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1165 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1166 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1167 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1168 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1170 `GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1171 If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1172 `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1173 protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1174 (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1175 protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1176 whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1177 `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1179 `GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1180 Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1181 configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive
1182 submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1183 which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See
1184 linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1186 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1187 ------------------------
1189 More detail on the following is available from the
1190 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1191 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1193 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1194 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1195 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1196 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1197 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1198 as tags and branch heads.
1200 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1201 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1202 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1203 and some number of parent commits.
1205 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1206 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1207 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1208 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1210 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1211 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1212 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1213 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1216 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1217 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1219 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1220 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1221 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1222 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1223 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1224 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1226 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1227 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1228 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1229 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1230 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1231 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1232 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1233 content stored in the index.
1235 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1236 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1237 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1239 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1240 ---------------------
1242 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1243 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1244 for a first-time user.
1246 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1247 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1248 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1250 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1252 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1255 The internals are documented in the
1256 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1258 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1259 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1264 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1265 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1266 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1267 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1269 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1270 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1271 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1276 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1277 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1278 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1282 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1283 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1284 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1285 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1286 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1290 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite