6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
53 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
54 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
56 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
62 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
63 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
65 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
73 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
79 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
80 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
81 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
82 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
84 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
87 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
88 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
89 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
90 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
92 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
101 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
113 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
123 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
135 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
146 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
158 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
169 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
178 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
188 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
198 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
208 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
217 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
231 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
239 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
253 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
259 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
260 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
261 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
263 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
270 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
276 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
277 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
278 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
280 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
284 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
285 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
286 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
288 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
294 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
295 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
296 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
297 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
299 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
310 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
321 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
333 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
346 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
353 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
354 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
356 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
363 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
364 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
365 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
367 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
374 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
375 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
376 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
378 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
379 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
380 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
381 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
390 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
393 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
394 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
395 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
396 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
398 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
399 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
400 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
404 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
405 given will override values from configuration files.
406 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
407 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
409 --exec-path[=<path>]::
410 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
411 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
412 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
413 the current setting and then exit.
416 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
417 documentation is installed and exit.
420 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
421 this version of Git and exit.
424 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
425 version of Git are installed and exit.
429 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
430 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
431 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
435 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
438 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
439 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
440 path or relative path to current working directory.
443 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
444 or a path relative to the current working directory.
445 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
446 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
447 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
448 more detailed discussion).
451 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
452 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
456 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
457 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
460 --no-replace-objects::
461 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
462 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
464 --literal-pathspecs::
465 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
466 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
473 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
474 ("plumbing") commands.
476 High-level commands (porcelain)
477 -------------------------------
479 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
480 ancillary user utilities.
482 Main porcelain commands
483 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
485 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
491 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
495 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
498 Interacting with Others
499 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
501 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
502 people via patch over e-mail.
504 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
507 Low-level commands (plumbing)
508 -----------------------------
510 Although Git includes its
511 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
512 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
513 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
514 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
516 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
517 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
518 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
519 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
520 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
523 The following description divides
524 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
525 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
526 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
530 Manipulation commands
531 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
533 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
536 Interrogation commands
537 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
539 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
541 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
545 Synching repositories
546 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
548 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
550 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
551 typically do not use them directly.
553 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
556 Internal helper commands
557 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
559 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
560 users typically do not use them directly.
562 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
565 Configuration Mechanism
566 -----------------------
568 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
569 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
574 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
579 ; Don't trust file modes
584 name = "Junio C Hamano"
585 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
589 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
590 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
591 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
594 Identifier Terminology
595 ----------------------
597 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
600 Indicates a blob object name.
603 Indicates a tree object name.
606 Indicates a commit object name.
609 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
610 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
611 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
612 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
615 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
616 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
617 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
618 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
621 Indicates that an object type is required.
622 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
625 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
626 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
630 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
634 indicates the head of the current branch.
638 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
642 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
644 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
645 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
648 File/Directory Structure
649 ------------------------
651 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
653 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
655 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
661 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
664 Environment Variables
665 ---------------------
666 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
670 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
671 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
672 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
675 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
676 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
679 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
680 If the object storage directory is specified via this
681 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
682 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
685 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
686 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
687 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
688 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
689 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
690 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
693 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
694 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
695 for the base of the repository.
696 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
699 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
700 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
701 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
704 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
705 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
707 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
708 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
709 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
710 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
711 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
712 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
713 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
714 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
715 might be present in order to compare them with the current
716 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
717 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
718 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
720 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
722 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
723 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
724 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
725 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
726 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
727 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
728 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
729 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
737 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
738 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
739 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
741 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
746 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
747 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
748 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
749 value passed on the Git diff command line.
751 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
752 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
753 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
754 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
755 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
757 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
761 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
762 contents of <old|new>,
763 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
764 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
766 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
767 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
768 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
769 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
770 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
772 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
777 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
778 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
779 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
780 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
783 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
784 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
785 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
786 linkgit:git-config[1].
789 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
790 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
791 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
792 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
795 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
796 and 'git push' will use this command instead
797 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
798 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
799 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
800 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
801 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
802 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
803 than the default SSH port.
805 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
806 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
807 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
809 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
810 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
814 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
815 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
816 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
817 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
818 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
820 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
821 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
822 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
823 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
824 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
825 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
826 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
829 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
830 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
831 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
832 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
834 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
835 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
836 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
837 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
840 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
841 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
842 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
843 execution and external command execution.
844 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
845 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
846 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
847 trace messages into this file descriptor.
848 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
849 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
850 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
853 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
854 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
855 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
856 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
857 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
858 pack-related performance problems.
861 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
862 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
863 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
864 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
866 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
867 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
868 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
869 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
870 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
871 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
872 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
873 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
876 Discussion[[Discussion]]
877 ------------------------
879 More detail on the following is available from the
880 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
881 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
883 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
884 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
885 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
886 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
887 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
888 as tags and branch heads.
890 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
891 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
892 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
893 and some number of parent commits.
895 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
896 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
897 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
898 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
900 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
901 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
902 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
903 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
906 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
907 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
909 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
910 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
911 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
912 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
913 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
914 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
916 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
917 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
918 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
919 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
920 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
921 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
922 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
923 content stored in the index.
925 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
926 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
927 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
929 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
930 ---------------------
932 See the references in the "description" section to get started
933 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
934 for a first-time user.
936 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
937 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
938 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
940 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
942 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
945 The internals are documented in the
946 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
948 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
949 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
954 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
955 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
956 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
957 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
959 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
960 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
961 the authors for specific parts of the project.
966 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
967 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
968 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
972 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
973 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
974 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
975 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
976 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
980 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite