6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.10.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.4]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
54 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
56 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
68 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
79 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
91 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
102 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
111 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
121 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
131 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
141 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
150 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
164 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
172 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
183 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
184 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
186 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
196 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
213 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
221 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
232 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
243 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
254 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
266 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
279 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
289 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
300 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
311 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
312 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
313 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
314 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
323 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
326 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
327 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
328 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
329 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
331 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
332 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
333 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
337 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
338 given will override values from configuration files.
339 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
340 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
342 --exec-path[=<path>]::
343 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
344 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
345 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
346 the current setting and then exit.
349 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
350 documentation is installed and exit.
353 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
354 this version of git and exit.
357 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
358 version of git are installed and exit.
362 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
363 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
364 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
368 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
371 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
372 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
373 path or relative path to current working directory.
376 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
377 or a path relative to the current working directory.
378 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
379 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
380 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
381 more detailed discussion).
384 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
385 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
389 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
390 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
393 --no-replace-objects::
394 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
395 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
398 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
399 ---------------------
401 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
402 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
404 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
405 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
406 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
408 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
410 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
413 The internals are documented in the
414 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
419 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
420 ("plumbing") commands.
422 High-level commands (porcelain)
423 -------------------------------
425 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
426 ancillary user utilities.
428 Main porcelain commands
429 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
431 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
437 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
441 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
444 Interacting with Others
445 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
447 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
448 people via patch over e-mail.
450 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
453 Low-level commands (plumbing)
454 -----------------------------
456 Although git includes its
457 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
458 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
459 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
460 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
462 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
463 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
464 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
465 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
466 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
469 The following description divides
470 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
471 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
472 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
476 Manipulation commands
477 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
479 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
482 Interrogation commands
483 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
485 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
487 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
491 Synching repositories
492 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
494 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
496 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
497 typically do not use them directly.
499 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
502 Internal helper commands
503 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
505 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
506 users typically do not use them directly.
508 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
511 Configuration Mechanism
512 -----------------------
514 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
515 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
516 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
517 people. Here is an example:
521 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
526 ; Don't trust file modes
531 name = "Junio C Hamano"
532 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
536 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
537 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
541 Identifier Terminology
542 ----------------------
544 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
547 Indicates a blob object name.
550 Indicates a tree object name.
553 Indicates a commit object name.
556 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
557 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
558 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
559 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
562 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
563 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
564 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
565 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
568 Indicates that an object type is required.
569 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
572 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
573 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
577 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
581 indicates the head of the current branch.
585 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
589 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
591 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
592 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
595 File/Directory Structure
596 ------------------------
598 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
600 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
602 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
608 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
611 Environment Variables
612 ---------------------
613 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
617 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
618 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
619 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
622 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
623 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
626 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
627 If the object storage directory is specified via this
628 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
629 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
632 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
633 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
634 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
635 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
636 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
637 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
640 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
641 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
642 for the base of the repository.
645 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
646 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
647 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
648 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
649 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
652 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
653 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
655 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
656 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
657 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
658 up into while looking for a repository directory.
659 It will not exclude the current working directory or
660 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
661 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
663 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
664 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
665 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
666 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
667 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
668 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
669 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
670 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
678 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
679 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
680 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
682 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
687 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
688 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
689 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
690 value passed on the git diff command line.
692 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
693 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
694 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
695 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
696 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
698 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
702 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
703 contents of <old|new>,
704 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
705 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
707 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
708 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
709 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
710 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
711 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
713 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
718 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
719 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
720 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
721 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
724 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
725 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
726 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
727 linkgit:git-config[1].
730 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
731 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
732 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
733 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
736 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
737 and 'git push' will use this command instead
738 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
739 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
740 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
741 shell command to execute on that remote system.
743 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
744 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
745 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
747 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
748 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
752 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
753 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
754 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
755 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
756 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
759 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
760 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
761 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
762 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
763 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
764 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
765 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
766 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
769 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
770 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
771 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
772 execution and external command execution.
773 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
774 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
775 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
776 trace messages into this file descriptor.
777 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
778 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
779 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
782 Discussion[[Discussion]]
783 ------------------------
785 More detail on the following is available from the
786 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
787 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
789 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
790 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
791 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
792 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
793 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
794 as tags and branch heads.
796 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
797 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
798 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
799 and some number of parent commits.
801 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
802 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
803 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
804 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
806 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
807 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
808 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
809 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
812 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
813 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
815 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
816 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
817 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
818 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
819 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
820 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
822 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
823 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
824 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
825 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
826 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
827 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
828 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
829 content stored in the index.
831 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
832 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
833 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
837 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
838 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
839 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
840 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
841 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
842 the authors for specific parts of the project.
847 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
848 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
849 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
853 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
854 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
855 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
856 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
857 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
861 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite