6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.4]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
52 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
53 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
55 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
64 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
72 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
75 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
76 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
77 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
78 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
79 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
80 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
81 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
83 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
86 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
91 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
100 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
112 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
122 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
134 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
145 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
157 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
168 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
177 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
187 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
197 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
207 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
216 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
219 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
220 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
228 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
230 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
238 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
252 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
259 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
260 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
262 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
276 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
277 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
279 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
282 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
283 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
284 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
285 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
287 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
290 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
298 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
309 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
320 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
332 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
345 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
353 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
355 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
358 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
359 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
360 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
361 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
362 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
363 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
364 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
366 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
369 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
370 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
371 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
372 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
373 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
374 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
375 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
377 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
378 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
379 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
380 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
389 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
392 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
393 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
394 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
395 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
397 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
398 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
399 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
403 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
404 given will override values from configuration files.
405 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
406 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
408 --exec-path[=<path>]::
409 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
410 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
411 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
412 the current setting and then exit.
415 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
416 documentation is installed and exit.
419 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
420 this version of Git and exit.
423 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
424 version of Git are installed and exit.
428 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
429 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
430 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
434 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
437 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
438 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
439 path or relative path to current working directory.
442 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
443 or a path relative to the current working directory.
444 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
445 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
446 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
447 more detailed discussion).
450 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
451 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
455 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
456 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
459 --no-replace-objects::
460 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
461 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
463 --literal-pathspecs::
464 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
465 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
472 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
473 ("plumbing") commands.
475 High-level commands (porcelain)
476 -------------------------------
478 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
479 ancillary user utilities.
481 Main porcelain commands
482 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
484 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
490 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
494 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
497 Interacting with Others
498 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
500 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
501 people via patch over e-mail.
503 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
506 Low-level commands (plumbing)
507 -----------------------------
509 Although Git includes its
510 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
511 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
512 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
513 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
515 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
516 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
517 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
518 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
519 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
522 The following description divides
523 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
524 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
525 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
529 Manipulation commands
530 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
532 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
535 Interrogation commands
536 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
538 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
540 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
544 Synching repositories
545 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
547 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
549 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
550 typically do not use them directly.
552 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
555 Internal helper commands
556 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
558 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
559 users typically do not use them directly.
561 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
564 Configuration Mechanism
565 -----------------------
567 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
568 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
573 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
578 ; Don't trust file modes
583 name = "Junio C Hamano"
584 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
588 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
589 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
590 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
593 Identifier Terminology
594 ----------------------
596 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
599 Indicates a blob object name.
602 Indicates a tree object name.
605 Indicates a commit object name.
608 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
609 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
610 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
611 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
614 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
615 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
616 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
617 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
620 Indicates that an object type is required.
621 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
624 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
625 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
629 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
633 indicates the head of the current branch.
637 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
641 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
643 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
644 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
647 File/Directory Structure
648 ------------------------
650 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
652 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
654 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
660 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
663 Environment Variables
664 ---------------------
665 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
669 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
670 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
671 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
674 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
675 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
678 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
679 If the object storage directory is specified via this
680 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
681 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
684 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
685 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
686 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
687 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
688 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
689 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
692 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
693 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
694 for the base of the repository.
695 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
698 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
699 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
700 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
703 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
704 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
706 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
707 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
708 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
709 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
710 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
711 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
712 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
713 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
714 might be present in order to compare them with the current
715 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
716 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
717 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
719 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
721 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
722 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
723 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
724 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
725 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
726 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
727 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
728 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
736 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
737 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
738 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
740 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
745 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
746 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
747 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
748 value passed on the Git diff command line.
750 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
751 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
752 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
753 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
754 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
756 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
760 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
761 contents of <old|new>,
762 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
763 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
765 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
766 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
767 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
768 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
769 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
771 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
776 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
777 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
778 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
779 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
782 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
783 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
784 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
785 linkgit:git-config[1].
788 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
789 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
790 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
791 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
794 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
795 and 'git push' will use this command instead
796 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
797 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
798 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
799 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
800 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
801 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
802 than the default SSH port.
804 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
805 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
806 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
808 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
809 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
813 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
814 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
815 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
816 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
817 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
819 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
820 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
821 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
822 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
823 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
824 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
825 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
828 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
829 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
830 'git check-attr', 'git check-ignore', and 'git whatchanged' will
831 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
833 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
834 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
835 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
836 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
839 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
840 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
841 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
842 execution and external command execution.
843 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
844 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
845 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
846 trace messages into this file descriptor.
847 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
848 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
849 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
852 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
853 If this variable is set to a path, a file will be created at
854 the given path logging all accesses to any packs. For each
855 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
856 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
857 pack-related performance problems.
860 If this variable is set, it shows a trace of all packets
861 coming in or out of a given program. This can help with
862 debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing
863 is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK".
865 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
866 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
867 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
868 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
869 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
870 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
871 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
872 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
875 Discussion[[Discussion]]
876 ------------------------
878 More detail on the following is available from the
879 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
880 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
882 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
883 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
884 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
885 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
886 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
887 as tags and branch heads.
889 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
890 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
891 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
892 and some number of parent commits.
894 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
895 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
896 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
897 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
899 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
900 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
901 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
902 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
905 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
906 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
908 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
909 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
910 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
911 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
912 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
913 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
915 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
916 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
917 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
918 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
919 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
920 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
921 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
922 content stored in the index.
924 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
925 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
926 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
928 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
929 ---------------------
931 See the references in the "description" section to get started
932 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
933 for a first-time user.
935 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
936 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
937 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
939 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
941 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
944 The internals are documented in the
945 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
947 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
948 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
953 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
954 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
955 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
956 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
958 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
959 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
960 the authors for specific parts of the project.
965 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
966 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
967 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
971 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
972 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
973 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
974 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
975 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
979 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite