6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.3]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
55 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
64 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
74 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
84 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
94 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
103 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
117 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
120 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
125 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
128 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
129 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
130 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
136 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
137 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
139 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
149 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
153 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
154 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
155 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
156 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
166 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
174 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
185 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
188 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
196 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
199 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
200 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
207 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
210 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
212 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
213 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
219 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
222 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
230 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
232 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
242 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
253 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
264 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
265 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
266 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
267 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
276 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
279 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
280 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
281 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
282 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
284 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
285 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
286 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
290 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
291 given will override values from configuration files.
292 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
293 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
295 --exec-path[=<path>]::
296 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
297 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
298 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
299 the current setting and then exit.
302 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
303 documentation is installed and exit.
306 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
307 this version of git and exit.
310 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
311 version of git are installed and exit.
315 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
316 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
317 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
321 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
324 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
325 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
326 path or relative path to current working directory.
329 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
330 or a path relative to the current working directory.
331 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
332 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
333 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
334 more detailed discussion).
337 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
338 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
341 --no-replace-objects::
342 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
343 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
346 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
347 ---------------------
349 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
350 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
352 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
353 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
354 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
356 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
358 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
361 The internals are documented in the
362 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
367 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
368 ("plumbing") commands.
370 High-level commands (porcelain)
371 -------------------------------
373 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
374 ancillary user utilities.
376 Main porcelain commands
377 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
379 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
385 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
389 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
392 Interacting with Others
393 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
395 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
396 people via patch over e-mail.
398 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
401 Low-level commands (plumbing)
402 -----------------------------
404 Although git includes its
405 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
406 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
407 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
408 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
410 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
411 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
412 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
413 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
414 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
417 The following description divides
418 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
419 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
420 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
424 Manipulation commands
425 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
427 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
430 Interrogation commands
431 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
433 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
435 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
439 Synching repositories
440 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
442 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
444 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
445 typically do not use them directly.
447 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
450 Internal helper commands
451 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
453 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
454 users typically do not use them directly.
456 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
459 Configuration Mechanism
460 -----------------------
462 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
463 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
464 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
465 people. Here is an example:
469 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
474 ; Don't trust file modes
479 name = "Junio C Hamano"
480 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
484 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
485 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
489 Identifier Terminology
490 ----------------------
492 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
495 Indicates a blob object name.
498 Indicates a tree object name.
501 Indicates a commit object name.
504 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
505 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
506 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
507 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
510 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
511 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
512 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
513 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
516 Indicates that an object type is required.
517 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
520 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
521 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
525 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
529 indicates the head of the current branch.
533 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
537 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
539 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
540 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
543 File/Directory Structure
544 ------------------------
546 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
548 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
550 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
556 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
559 Environment Variables
560 ---------------------
561 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
565 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
566 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
567 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
570 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
571 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
574 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
575 If the object storage directory is specified via this
576 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
577 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
580 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
581 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
582 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
583 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
584 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
585 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
588 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
589 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
590 for the base of the repository.
593 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
594 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
595 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
596 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
597 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
599 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
600 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
601 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
602 up into while looking for a repository directory.
603 It will not exclude the current working directory or
604 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
605 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
607 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
608 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
609 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
610 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
611 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
612 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
613 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
614 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
622 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
623 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
624 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
626 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
631 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
632 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
633 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
634 value passed on the git diff command line.
636 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
637 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
638 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
639 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
640 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
642 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
646 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
647 contents of <old|new>,
648 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
649 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
651 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
652 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
653 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
654 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
655 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
657 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
662 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
663 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
664 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
665 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
668 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
669 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
670 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
671 linkgit:git-config[1].
674 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
675 and 'git push' will use this command instead
676 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
677 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
678 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
679 shell command to execute on that remote system.
681 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
682 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
683 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
685 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
686 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
690 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
691 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
692 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
693 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
694 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
697 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
698 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
699 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
700 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
701 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
702 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
703 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
704 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
707 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
708 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
709 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
710 execution and external command execution.
711 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
712 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
713 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
714 trace messages into this file descriptor.
715 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
716 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
717 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
720 Discussion[[Discussion]]
721 ------------------------
723 More detail on the following is available from the
724 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
725 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
727 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
728 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
729 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
730 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
731 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
732 as tags and branch heads.
734 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
735 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
736 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
737 and some number of parent commits.
739 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
740 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
741 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
742 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
744 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
745 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
746 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
747 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
750 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
751 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
753 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
754 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
755 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
756 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
757 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
758 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
760 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
761 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
762 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
763 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
764 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
765 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
766 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
767 content stored in the index.
769 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
770 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
771 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
775 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
776 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
777 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
778 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
779 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
780 the authors for specific parts of the project.
785 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
786 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
787 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
791 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
792 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
793 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
794 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
795 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
799 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite