6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.5.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.2]
49 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
50 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
51 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
53 * link:v2.4.9/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.9]
56 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
57 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
58 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
59 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
60 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
61 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
62 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
63 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
64 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
65 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
67 * link:v2.3.9/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.9]
70 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
71 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
72 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
73 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
74 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
75 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
76 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
77 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
78 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
79 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
81 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
84 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
85 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
86 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
87 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
89 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
92 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
93 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
94 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
95 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
96 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
98 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
101 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
102 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
103 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
104 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
105 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
106 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
108 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
111 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
112 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
113 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
114 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
115 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
116 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
118 * link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
121 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
122 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
123 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
124 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
125 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
126 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
127 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
129 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
132 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
133 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
134 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
135 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
136 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
137 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
139 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
142 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
143 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
144 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
145 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
146 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
148 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
151 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
156 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
159 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
160 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
161 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
162 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
163 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
164 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
165 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
167 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
170 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
175 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
184 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
196 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
206 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
210 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
211 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
212 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
213 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
214 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
215 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
216 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
218 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
221 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
222 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
223 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
224 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
225 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
226 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
227 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
229 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
232 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
233 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
234 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
241 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
244 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
245 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
246 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
252 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
255 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
256 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
257 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
258 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
259 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
261 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
264 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
265 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
271 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
274 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
275 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
276 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
277 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
278 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
279 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
281 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
284 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
285 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
286 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
287 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
288 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
289 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
291 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
294 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
295 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
296 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
297 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
298 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
300 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
303 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
304 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
305 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
306 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
307 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
308 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
309 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
310 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
311 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
312 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
314 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
317 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
318 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
319 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
320 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
322 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
325 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
326 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
327 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
328 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
329 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
330 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
331 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
332 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
333 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
334 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
336 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
339 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
340 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
341 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
342 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
343 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
344 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
346 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
349 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
350 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
351 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
352 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
353 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
356 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
357 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
358 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
359 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
360 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
361 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
363 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
366 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
367 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
368 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
369 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
371 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
374 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
375 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
376 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
377 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
378 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
379 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
380 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
382 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
385 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
386 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
387 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
388 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
389 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
390 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
391 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
393 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
396 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
397 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
398 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
399 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
400 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
401 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
402 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
404 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
407 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
408 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
409 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
410 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
411 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
412 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
413 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
414 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
416 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
419 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
420 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
421 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
422 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
423 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
424 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
425 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
426 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
427 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
429 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
432 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
433 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
434 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
435 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
436 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
437 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
439 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
442 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
443 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
444 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
445 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
446 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
447 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
448 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
450 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
453 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
454 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
455 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
456 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
457 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
458 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
459 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
461 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
462 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
463 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
464 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
473 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
476 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
477 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
478 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
479 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
481 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
482 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
483 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
487 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
488 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
489 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
492 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
493 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
494 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
495 example the following invocations are equivalent:
497 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
498 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
501 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
502 given will override values from configuration files.
503 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
504 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
506 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
507 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
508 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
509 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
511 --exec-path[=<path>]::
512 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
513 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
514 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
515 the current setting and then exit.
518 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
519 documentation is installed and exit.
522 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
523 this version of Git and exit.
526 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
527 version of Git are installed and exit.
531 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
532 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
533 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
537 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
540 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
541 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
542 path or relative path to current working directory.
545 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
546 or a path relative to the current working directory.
547 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
548 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
549 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
550 more detailed discussion).
553 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
554 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
558 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
559 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
562 --no-replace-objects::
563 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
564 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
566 --literal-pathspecs::
567 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
568 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
572 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
573 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
574 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
578 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
579 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
580 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
584 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
585 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
590 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
591 ("plumbing") commands.
593 High-level commands (porcelain)
594 -------------------------------
596 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
597 ancillary user utilities.
599 Main porcelain commands
600 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
602 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
608 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
612 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
615 Interacting with Others
616 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
618 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
619 people via patch over e-mail.
621 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
624 Low-level commands (plumbing)
625 -----------------------------
627 Although Git includes its
628 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
629 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
630 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
631 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
633 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
634 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
635 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
636 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
637 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
640 The following description divides
641 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
642 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
643 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
647 Manipulation commands
648 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
650 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
653 Interrogation commands
654 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
656 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
658 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
662 Synching repositories
663 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
665 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
667 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
668 typically do not use them directly.
670 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
673 Internal helper commands
674 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
676 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
677 users typically do not use them directly.
679 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
682 Configuration Mechanism
683 -----------------------
685 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
686 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
691 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
696 ; Don't trust file modes
701 name = "Junio C Hamano"
702 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
706 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
707 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
708 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
711 Identifier Terminology
712 ----------------------
714 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
717 Indicates a blob object name.
720 Indicates a tree object name.
723 Indicates a commit object name.
726 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
727 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
728 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
729 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
732 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
733 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
734 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
735 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
738 Indicates that an object type is required.
739 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
742 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
743 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
747 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
751 indicates the head of the current branch.
755 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
759 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
761 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
762 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
765 File/Directory Structure
766 ------------------------
768 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
770 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
772 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
778 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
781 Environment Variables
782 ---------------------
783 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
787 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
788 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
789 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
792 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
793 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
796 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
797 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
798 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
799 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
800 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
802 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
803 If the object storage directory is specified via this
804 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
805 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
808 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
809 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
810 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
811 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
812 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
813 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
816 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
817 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
818 for the base of the repository.
819 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
822 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
823 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
824 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
827 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
828 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
830 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
831 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
832 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
833 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
834 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
835 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
836 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
837 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
838 might be present in order to compare them with the current
839 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
840 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
841 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
843 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
845 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
846 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
847 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
848 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
849 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
850 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
851 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
852 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
856 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
857 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
858 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
859 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
860 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
861 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
862 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
869 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
870 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
871 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
873 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
878 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
879 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
880 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
881 value passed on the Git diff command line.
883 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
884 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
885 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
886 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
887 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
889 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
893 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
894 contents of <old|new>,
895 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
896 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
898 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
899 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
900 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
901 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
902 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
904 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
907 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
908 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
910 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
911 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
913 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
914 The total number of paths.
918 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
919 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
920 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
921 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
924 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
925 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
926 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
927 linkgit:git-config[1].
930 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
931 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
932 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
933 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
937 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
938 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
939 when they need to connect to a remote system.
940 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
941 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
942 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
943 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
944 something other than the default SSH port.
946 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
947 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
948 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
949 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
952 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
953 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
957 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
958 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
959 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
960 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
961 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
963 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
964 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
965 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
967 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
968 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
969 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
970 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
971 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
972 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
973 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
976 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
977 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
978 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
979 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
981 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
982 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
983 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
984 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
987 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
988 command execution and external command execution.
990 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
991 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
994 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
995 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
996 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
997 trace messages into this file descriptor.
999 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1000 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1001 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1004 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1005 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1007 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
1008 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1009 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1010 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1011 pack-related performance problems.
1012 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1014 'GIT_TRACE_PACKET'::
1015 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1016 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1017 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1018 starting with "PACK".
1019 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1021 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1022 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1023 time of each Git command.
1024 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1027 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1028 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1029 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1031 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1032 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1033 cloning of shallow repositories.
1034 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1036 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
1037 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1038 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1039 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1040 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1041 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1042 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1043 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1045 GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS::
1046 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1047 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1049 GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS::
1050 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1051 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1053 GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS::
1054 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1055 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1057 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1058 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1059 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1060 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1061 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1062 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1063 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1064 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1065 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1067 `GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1068 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1069 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1070 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1071 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1072 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1073 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1074 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1075 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1076 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1079 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1080 ------------------------
1082 More detail on the following is available from the
1083 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1084 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1086 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1087 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1088 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1089 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1090 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1091 as tags and branch heads.
1093 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1094 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1095 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1096 and some number of parent commits.
1098 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1099 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1100 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1101 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1103 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1104 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1105 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1106 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1109 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1110 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1112 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1113 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1114 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1115 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1116 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1117 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1119 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1120 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1121 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1122 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1123 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1124 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1125 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1126 content stored in the index.
1128 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1129 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1130 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1132 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1133 ---------------------
1135 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1136 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1137 for a first-time user.
1139 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1140 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1141 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1143 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1145 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1148 The internals are documented in the
1149 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1151 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1152 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1157 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1158 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1159 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1160 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1162 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1163 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1164 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1169 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1170 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1171 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1175 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1176 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1177 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1178 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1179 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1183 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite