6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.0.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
53 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
62 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
74 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
84 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
96 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
107 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
119 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
130 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
139 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
149 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
159 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
169 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
178 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
187 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
192 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
200 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
214 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
224 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
241 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
249 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
260 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
271 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
282 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
294 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
300 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
307 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
317 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
328 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
335 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
339 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
340 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
341 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
342 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
351 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
354 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
355 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
356 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
357 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
359 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
360 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
361 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
365 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
366 given will override values from configuration files.
367 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
368 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
370 --exec-path[=<path>]::
371 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
372 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
373 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
374 the current setting and then exit.
377 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
378 documentation is installed and exit.
381 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
382 this version of git and exit.
385 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
386 version of git are installed and exit.
390 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
391 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
392 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
396 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
399 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
400 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
401 path or relative path to current working directory.
404 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
405 or a path relative to the current working directory.
406 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
407 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
408 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
409 more detailed discussion).
412 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
413 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
417 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
418 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
421 --no-replace-objects::
422 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
423 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
429 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
430 ("plumbing") commands.
432 High-level commands (porcelain)
433 -------------------------------
435 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
436 ancillary user utilities.
438 Main porcelain commands
439 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
441 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
447 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
451 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
454 Interacting with Others
455 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
457 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
458 people via patch over e-mail.
460 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
463 Low-level commands (plumbing)
464 -----------------------------
466 Although git includes its
467 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
468 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
469 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
470 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
472 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
473 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
474 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
475 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
476 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
479 The following description divides
480 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
481 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
482 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
486 Manipulation commands
487 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
489 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
492 Interrogation commands
493 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
495 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
497 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
501 Synching repositories
502 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
504 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
506 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
507 typically do not use them directly.
509 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
512 Internal helper commands
513 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
515 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
516 users typically do not use them directly.
518 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
521 Configuration Mechanism
522 -----------------------
524 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
525 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
526 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
527 people. Here is an example:
531 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
536 ; Don't trust file modes
541 name = "Junio C Hamano"
542 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
546 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
547 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
551 Identifier Terminology
552 ----------------------
554 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
557 Indicates a blob object name.
560 Indicates a tree object name.
563 Indicates a commit object name.
566 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
567 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
568 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
569 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
572 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
573 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
574 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
575 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
578 Indicates that an object type is required.
579 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
582 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
583 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
587 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
591 indicates the head of the current branch.
595 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
599 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
601 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
602 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
605 File/Directory Structure
606 ------------------------
608 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
610 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
612 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
618 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
621 Environment Variables
622 ---------------------
623 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
627 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
628 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
629 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
632 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
633 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
636 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
637 If the object storage directory is specified via this
638 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
639 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
642 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
643 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
644 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
645 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
646 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
647 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
650 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
651 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
652 for the base of the repository.
653 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
656 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
657 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
658 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
659 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
660 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
663 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
664 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
666 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
667 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
668 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
669 up into while looking for a repository directory.
670 It will not exclude the current working directory or
671 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
672 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
674 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
675 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
676 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
677 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
678 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
679 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
680 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
681 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
689 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
690 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
691 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
693 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
698 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
699 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
700 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
701 value passed on the git diff command line.
703 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
704 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
705 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
706 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
707 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
709 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
713 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
714 contents of <old|new>,
715 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
716 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
718 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
719 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
720 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
721 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
722 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
724 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
729 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
730 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
731 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
732 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
735 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
736 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
737 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
738 linkgit:git-config[1].
741 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
742 It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
743 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
744 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
747 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
748 and 'git push' will use this command instead
749 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
750 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
751 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
752 shell command to execute on that remote system.
754 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
755 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
756 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
758 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
759 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
763 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
764 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
765 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
766 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
767 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
770 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
771 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
772 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
773 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
774 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
775 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
776 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
777 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
780 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
781 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
782 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
783 execution and external command execution.
784 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
785 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
786 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
787 trace messages into this file descriptor.
788 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
789 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
790 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
793 Discussion[[Discussion]]
794 ------------------------
796 More detail on the following is available from the
797 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
798 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
800 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
801 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
802 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
803 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
804 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
805 as tags and branch heads.
807 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
808 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
809 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
810 and some number of parent commits.
812 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
813 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
814 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
815 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
817 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
818 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
819 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
820 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
823 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
824 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
826 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
827 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
828 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
829 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
830 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
831 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
833 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
834 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
835 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
836 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
837 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
838 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
839 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
840 content stored in the index.
842 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
843 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
844 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
846 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
847 ---------------------
849 See the references in the "description" section to get started
850 using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
851 for a first-time user.
853 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
854 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
855 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
857 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
859 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
862 The internals are documented in the
863 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
865 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
866 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
871 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
872 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
873 <git@vger.kernel.org>. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
874 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
875 the authors for specific parts of the project.
880 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
881 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
882 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
886 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
887 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
888 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
889 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
890 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
894 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite