6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>]
13 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase>
16 'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
20 If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic
21 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
22 it remains on the current branch.
24 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
25 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
26 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or
27 `git log HEAD`, if --root is specified).
29 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
30 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
31 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set
32 to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.
34 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
35 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
36 any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
37 in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
38 with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).
40 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
41 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
42 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
43 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
44 original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the
45 command `git rebase --abort` instead.
47 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
55 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
59 git rebase master topic
69 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
70 followed by `git rebase master`.
72 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
73 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
74 will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the
75 following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
76 but have different committer information):
92 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
93 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
94 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
96 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
97 For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
98 functionality which is found in 'next'.
101 o---o---o---o---o master
103 o---o---o---o---o next
108 We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example,
109 because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the
110 more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this:
113 o---o---o---o---o master
117 o---o---o---o---o next
120 We can get this using the following command:
122 git rebase --onto master next topic
125 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
126 branch. If we have the following situation:
138 git rebase --onto master topicA topicB
150 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
152 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
153 the following situation:
156 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
161 git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA
163 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
166 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
169 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
170 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
171 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
173 In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
174 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate
175 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
176 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
177 typically this would be done with
183 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
184 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
187 git rebase --continue
190 Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with
199 Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
200 rebase. False by default.
205 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
206 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
207 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
208 existing branch name.
211 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
212 not just an existing branch name.
215 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
218 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
221 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
224 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
228 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
229 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
233 --strategy=<strategy>::
234 Use the given merge strategy.
235 If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
236 is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single
237 head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge.
241 Be verbose. Implies --stat.
244 Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The
245 diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat.
249 Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process.
252 This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
255 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
256 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
257 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
262 Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant
263 of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally the command will
264 exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a
267 --whitespace=<option>::
268 This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program
269 (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
270 Incompatible with the --interactive option.
272 --committer-date-is-author-date::
274 These flags are passed to 'git-am' to easily change the dates
275 of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]).
279 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
280 user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to
281 split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below).
285 Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them.
288 Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of
289 limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase
290 the root commit(s) on a branch. Must be used with --onto, and
291 will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of
292 <upstream>). When used together with --preserve-merges, 'all'
293 root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent
296 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
301 You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a
302 repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
305 When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
306 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
307 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
308 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
310 Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
315 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
316 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
317 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
319 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
321 1. have a wonderful idea
323 3. prepare a series for submission
326 where point 2. consists of several instances of
329 1. finish something worthy of a commit
332 1. realize that something does not work
336 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
337 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
338 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
339 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
340 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
342 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
344 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
346 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
347 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
348 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
349 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
351 -------------------------------------------
352 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
353 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
355 -------------------------------------------
357 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will
358 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
359 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
361 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
362 'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
363 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
366 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
367 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
368 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
369 the author of the first commit.
371 In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
372 errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
373 the loop with `git rebase --continue`.
375 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
376 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
377 'git-rebase' like this:
379 ----------------------
380 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
381 ----------------------
383 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
385 You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
395 Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
396 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
398 -----------------------------
399 $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
400 -----------------------------
406 In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
407 this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this
408 edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
409 add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
411 - Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where
412 <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range
413 will do, as long as it contains that commit.
415 - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit".
417 - When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The
418 effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit.
419 However, the working tree stays the same.
421 - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
422 commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or
423 'git-gui' (or both) to do that.
425 - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
428 - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean.
430 - Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`.
432 If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
433 consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
434 'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
435 after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
438 RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
439 -------------------------------
441 Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have
442 based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to
443 manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix
444 from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be
445 to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place.
447 To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a
448 'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent
449 on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the
453 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
455 o---o---o---o---o subsystem
460 If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens:
463 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
465 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
470 If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic'
471 to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever:
474 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
476 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem
478 *---*---*-..........-*--* topic
481 Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up
482 history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to
483 transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e.,
484 rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from
485 'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on!
487 There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections:
489 Easy case: The changes are literally the same.::
491 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and
494 Hard case: The changes are not the same.::
496 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
497 `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the
498 upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
505 Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on
506 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase
509 In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip
510 changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say
511 (assuming you're on 'topic')
513 $ git rebase subsystem
515 you will end up with the fixed history
517 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
519 o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
528 Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly
529 correspond to the ones before the rebase.
531 NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful
532 even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For
533 example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase
534 \--interactive` will be **resurrected**!
536 The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
537 ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
538 between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit
539 of the old 'subsystem', for example:
541 * With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of
542 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will
543 increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].)
545 * Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three
546 commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`.
548 You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by
549 saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already):
551 $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1}
554 The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad:
555 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard
561 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and
562 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
566 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
570 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite