6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.5.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.1]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
53 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
63 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
73 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
83 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
92 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
106 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
109 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
110 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
111 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
112 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
114 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
117 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
118 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
119 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
120 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
124 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
125 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
126 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
128 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
136 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
138 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
141 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
144 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
145 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
153 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
155 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
163 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
174 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
177 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
185 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
188 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
194 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
196 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
199 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
200 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
206 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
208 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
212 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
213 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
219 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
221 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
231 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
242 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
253 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
254 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
255 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
256 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
265 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
268 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
269 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
270 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
271 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
273 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
274 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
275 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
279 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
280 given will override values from configuration files.
281 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
282 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
284 --exec-path[=<path>]::
285 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
286 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
287 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
288 the current setting and then exit.
291 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
292 documentation is installed and exit.
295 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
296 this version of git and exit.
299 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
300 version of git are installed and exit.
304 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
305 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
306 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
310 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
313 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
314 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
315 path or relative path to current working directory.
318 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
319 or a path relative to the current working directory.
320 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
321 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
322 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
323 more detailed discussion).
326 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
327 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
330 --no-replace-objects::
331 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
332 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
335 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
336 ---------------------
338 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
339 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
341 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
342 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
343 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
345 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
347 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
350 The internals are documented in the
351 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
356 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
357 ("plumbing") commands.
359 High-level commands (porcelain)
360 -------------------------------
362 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
363 ancillary user utilities.
365 Main porcelain commands
366 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
368 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
374 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
378 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
381 Interacting with Others
382 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
384 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
385 people via patch over e-mail.
387 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
390 Low-level commands (plumbing)
391 -----------------------------
393 Although git includes its
394 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
395 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
396 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
397 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
399 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
400 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
401 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
402 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
403 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
406 The following description divides
407 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
408 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
409 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
413 Manipulation commands
414 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
416 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
419 Interrogation commands
420 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
422 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
424 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
428 Synching repositories
429 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
431 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
433 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
434 typically do not use them directly.
436 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
439 Internal helper commands
440 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
442 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
443 users typically do not use them directly.
445 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
448 Configuration Mechanism
449 -----------------------
451 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
452 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
453 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
454 people. Here is an example:
458 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
463 ; Don't trust file modes
468 name = "Junio C Hamano"
469 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
473 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
474 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
478 Identifier Terminology
479 ----------------------
481 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
484 Indicates a blob object name.
487 Indicates a tree object name.
490 Indicates a commit object name.
493 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
494 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
495 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
496 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
499 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
500 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
501 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
502 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
505 Indicates that an object type is required.
506 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
509 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
510 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
514 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
518 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
519 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
523 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
527 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
529 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
530 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
533 File/Directory Structure
534 ------------------------
536 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
538 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
540 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
546 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
549 Environment Variables
550 ---------------------
551 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
555 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
556 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
557 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
560 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
561 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
564 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
565 If the object storage directory is specified via this
566 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
567 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
570 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
571 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
572 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
573 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
574 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
575 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
578 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
579 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
580 for the base of the repository.
583 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
584 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
585 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
586 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
587 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
589 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
590 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
591 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
592 up into while looking for a repository directory.
593 It will not exclude the current working directory or
594 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
595 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
597 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
598 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
599 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
600 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
601 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
602 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
603 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
604 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
612 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
613 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
614 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
616 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
621 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
622 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
623 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
624 value passed on the git diff command line.
626 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
627 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
628 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
629 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
630 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
632 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
636 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
637 contents of <old|new>,
638 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
639 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
641 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
642 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
643 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
644 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
645 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
647 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
652 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
653 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
654 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
655 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
658 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
659 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
660 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
661 linkgit:git-config[1].
664 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
665 and 'git push' will use this command instead
666 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
667 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
668 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
669 shell command to execute on that remote system.
671 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
672 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
673 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
675 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
676 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
680 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
681 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
682 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
683 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
684 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
687 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
688 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
689 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
690 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
691 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
692 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
693 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
694 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
697 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
698 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
699 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
700 execution and external command execution.
701 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
702 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
703 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
704 trace messages into this file descriptor.
705 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
706 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
707 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
710 Discussion[[Discussion]]
711 ------------------------
713 More detail on the following is available from the
714 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
715 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
717 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
718 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
719 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
720 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
721 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
722 as tags and branch heads.
724 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
725 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
726 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
727 and some number of parent commits.
729 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
730 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
731 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
732 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
734 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
735 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
736 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
737 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
740 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
741 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
743 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
744 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
745 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
746 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
747 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
748 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
750 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
751 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
752 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
753 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
754 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
755 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
756 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
757 content stored in the index.
759 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
760 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
761 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
765 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
766 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
767 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
768 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
769 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
770 the authors for specific parts of the project.
775 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
776 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
777 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
781 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
782 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
783 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
784 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
785 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
789 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite