6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.9.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.1]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
53 * link:v1.7.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.4]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
62 * link:v1.7.7.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.6]
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
73 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
84 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
93 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
103 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
113 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
123 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
132 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
146 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
154 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
157 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
162 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
168 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
178 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
183 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
184 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
185 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
195 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
203 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
214 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
219 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
220 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
221 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
222 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
225 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
230 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
231 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
232 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
236 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
241 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
242 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
243 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
248 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
253 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
254 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
261 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
266 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
271 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
282 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
293 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
294 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
295 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
296 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
305 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
308 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
309 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
310 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
311 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
313 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
314 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
315 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
319 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
320 given will override values from configuration files.
321 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
322 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
324 --exec-path[=<path>]::
325 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
326 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
327 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
328 the current setting and then exit.
331 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
332 documentation is installed and exit.
335 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
336 this version of git and exit.
339 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
340 version of git are installed and exit.
344 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
345 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
346 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
350 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
353 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
354 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
355 path or relative path to current working directory.
358 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
359 or a path relative to the current working directory.
360 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
361 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
362 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
363 more detailed discussion).
366 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
367 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
371 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
372 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
375 --no-replace-objects::
376 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
377 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
380 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
381 ---------------------
383 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
384 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
386 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
387 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
388 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
390 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
392 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
395 The internals are documented in the
396 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
401 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
402 ("plumbing") commands.
404 High-level commands (porcelain)
405 -------------------------------
407 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
408 ancillary user utilities.
410 Main porcelain commands
411 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
413 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
419 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
423 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
426 Interacting with Others
427 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
429 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
430 people via patch over e-mail.
432 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
435 Low-level commands (plumbing)
436 -----------------------------
438 Although git includes its
439 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
440 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
441 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
442 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
444 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
445 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
446 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
447 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
448 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
451 The following description divides
452 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
453 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
454 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
458 Manipulation commands
459 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
461 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
464 Interrogation commands
465 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
467 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
469 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
473 Synching repositories
474 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
476 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
478 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
479 typically do not use them directly.
481 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
484 Internal helper commands
485 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
487 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
488 users typically do not use them directly.
490 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
493 Configuration Mechanism
494 -----------------------
496 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
497 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
498 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
499 people. Here is an example:
503 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
508 ; Don't trust file modes
513 name = "Junio C Hamano"
514 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
518 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
519 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
523 Identifier Terminology
524 ----------------------
526 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
529 Indicates a blob object name.
532 Indicates a tree object name.
535 Indicates a commit object name.
538 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
539 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
540 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
541 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
544 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
545 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
546 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
547 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
550 Indicates that an object type is required.
551 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
554 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
555 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
559 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
563 indicates the head of the current branch.
567 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
571 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
573 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
574 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
577 File/Directory Structure
578 ------------------------
580 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
582 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
584 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
590 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
593 Environment Variables
594 ---------------------
595 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
599 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
600 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
601 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
604 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
605 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
608 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
609 If the object storage directory is specified via this
610 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
611 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
614 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
615 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
616 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
617 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
618 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
619 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
622 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
623 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
624 for the base of the repository.
627 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
628 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
629 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
630 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
631 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
634 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
635 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
637 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
638 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
639 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
640 up into while looking for a repository directory.
641 It will not exclude the current working directory or
642 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
643 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
645 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
646 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
647 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
648 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
649 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
650 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
651 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
652 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
660 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
661 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
662 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
664 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
669 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
670 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
671 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
672 value passed on the git diff command line.
674 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
675 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
676 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
677 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
678 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
680 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
684 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
685 contents of <old|new>,
686 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
687 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
689 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
690 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
691 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
692 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
693 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
695 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
700 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
701 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
702 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
703 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
706 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
707 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
708 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
709 linkgit:git-config[1].
712 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
713 and 'git push' will use this command instead
714 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
715 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
716 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
717 shell command to execute on that remote system.
719 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
720 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
721 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
723 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
724 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
728 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
729 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
730 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
731 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
732 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
735 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
736 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
737 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
738 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
739 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
740 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
741 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
742 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
745 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
746 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
747 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
748 execution and external command execution.
749 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
750 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
751 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
752 trace messages into this file descriptor.
753 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
754 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
755 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
758 Discussion[[Discussion]]
759 ------------------------
761 More detail on the following is available from the
762 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
763 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
765 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
766 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
767 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
768 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
769 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
770 as tags and branch heads.
772 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
773 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
774 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
775 and some number of parent commits.
777 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
778 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
779 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
780 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
782 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
783 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
784 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
785 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
788 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
789 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
791 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
792 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
793 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
794 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
795 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
796 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
798 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
799 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
800 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
801 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
802 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
803 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
804 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
805 content stored in the index.
807 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
808 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
809 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
813 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
814 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
815 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
816 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
817 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
818 the authors for specific parts of the project.
823 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
824 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
825 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
829 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
830 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
831 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
832 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
833 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
837 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite