6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.1.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.1]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
52 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
55 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
60 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
69 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
81 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
91 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
103 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
114 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
126 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
137 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
146 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
156 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
166 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
176 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
185 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
196 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
199 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
207 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
221 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
231 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
242 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
248 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
256 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
259 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
260 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
261 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
267 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
278 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
289 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
301 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
314 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
324 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
335 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
346 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
347 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
348 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
349 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
358 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
361 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
362 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
363 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
364 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
366 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
367 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
368 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
372 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
373 given will override values from configuration files.
374 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
375 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
377 --exec-path[=<path>]::
378 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
379 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
380 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
381 the current setting and then exit.
384 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
385 documentation is installed and exit.
388 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
389 this version of Git and exit.
392 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
393 version of Git are installed and exit.
397 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
398 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
399 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
403 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
406 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
407 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
408 path or relative path to current working directory.
411 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
412 or a path relative to the current working directory.
413 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
414 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
415 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
416 more detailed discussion).
419 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
420 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
424 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
425 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
428 --no-replace-objects::
429 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
430 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
432 --literal-pathspecs::
433 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
434 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
441 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
442 ("plumbing") commands.
444 High-level commands (porcelain)
445 -------------------------------
447 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
448 ancillary user utilities.
450 Main porcelain commands
451 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
453 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
459 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
463 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
466 Interacting with Others
467 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
469 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
470 people via patch over e-mail.
472 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
475 Low-level commands (plumbing)
476 -----------------------------
478 Although Git includes its
479 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
480 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
481 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
482 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
484 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
485 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
486 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
487 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
488 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
491 The following description divides
492 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
493 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
494 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
498 Manipulation commands
499 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
501 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
504 Interrogation commands
505 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
507 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
509 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
513 Synching repositories
514 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
516 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
518 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
519 typically do not use them directly.
521 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
524 Internal helper commands
525 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
527 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
528 users typically do not use them directly.
530 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
533 Configuration Mechanism
534 -----------------------
536 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
537 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
538 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
539 people. Here is an example:
543 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
548 ; Don't trust file modes
553 name = "Junio C Hamano"
554 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
558 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
559 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
563 Identifier Terminology
564 ----------------------
566 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
569 Indicates a blob object name.
572 Indicates a tree object name.
575 Indicates a commit object name.
578 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
579 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
580 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
581 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
584 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
585 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
586 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
587 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
590 Indicates that an object type is required.
591 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
594 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
595 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
599 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
603 indicates the head of the current branch.
607 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
611 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
613 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
614 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
617 File/Directory Structure
618 ------------------------
620 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
622 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
624 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
630 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
633 Environment Variables
634 ---------------------
635 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
639 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
640 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
641 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
644 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
645 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
648 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
649 If the object storage directory is specified via this
650 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
651 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
654 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
655 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
656 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
657 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
658 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
659 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
662 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
663 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
664 for the base of the repository.
665 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
668 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
669 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
670 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
671 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
672 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
675 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
676 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
678 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
679 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
680 If set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir
681 up into while looking for a repository directory.
682 It will not exclude the current working directory or
683 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
684 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
686 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
687 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
688 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
689 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
690 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
691 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
692 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
693 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
701 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
702 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
703 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
705 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
710 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
711 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
712 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
713 value passed on the Git diff command line.
715 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
716 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
717 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
718 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
719 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
721 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
725 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
726 contents of <old|new>,
727 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
728 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
730 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
731 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
732 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
733 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
734 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
736 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
741 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
742 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
743 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
744 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
747 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
748 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
749 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
750 linkgit:git-config[1].
753 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
754 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
755 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
756 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
759 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
760 and 'git push' will use this command instead
761 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
762 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
763 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
764 shell command to execute on that remote system.
766 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
767 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
768 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
770 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
771 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
775 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
776 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
777 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
778 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
779 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
781 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
782 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
783 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
784 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
785 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
786 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
787 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
790 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
791 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
792 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
793 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
794 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
795 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
796 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
797 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
800 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
801 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
802 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
803 execution and external command execution.
804 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
805 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
806 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
807 trace messages into this file descriptor.
808 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
809 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
810 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
813 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
814 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
815 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
816 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
817 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
818 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
819 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
820 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
823 Discussion[[Discussion]]
824 ------------------------
826 More detail on the following is available from the
827 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
828 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
830 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
831 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
832 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
833 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
834 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
835 as tags and branch heads.
837 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
838 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
839 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
840 and some number of parent commits.
842 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
843 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
844 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
845 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
847 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
848 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
849 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
850 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
853 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
854 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
856 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
857 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
858 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
859 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
860 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
861 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
863 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
864 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
865 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
866 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
867 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
868 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
869 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
870 content stored in the index.
872 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
873 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
874 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
876 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
877 ---------------------
879 See the references in the "description" section to get started
880 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
881 for a first-time user.
883 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
884 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
885 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
887 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
889 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
892 The internals are documented in the
893 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
895 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
896 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
901 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
902 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
903 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
904 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
906 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
907 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
908 the authors for specific parts of the project.
913 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
914 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
915 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
919 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
920 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
921 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
922 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
923 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
927 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite