6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [-p|--paginate]
13 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
17 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
18 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
19 and full access to internals.
21 See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see
22 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
23 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
24 also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration].
26 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
27 as defined in the configuration file (see gitlink:git-repo-config[1]).
32 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
35 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
36 commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up
37 the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is
38 given then all available commands are printed.
41 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
42 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
43 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
44 the current setting and then exit.
47 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
50 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
51 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable.
54 Same as --git-dir=`pwd`.
59 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
60 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
62 The <<Discussion,Discussion>> section below and the
63 link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide introductions to the
64 underlying git architecture.
66 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
72 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
73 ("plumbing") commands.
75 High-level commands (porcelain)
76 -------------------------------
78 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
79 ancillary user utilities.
81 Main porcelain commands
82 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
85 Add paths to the index.
88 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
90 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
91 Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
93 gitlink:git-archive[1]::
94 Creates an archive of files from a named tree.
96 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
97 Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
99 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
100 Create and Show branches.
102 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
103 Checkout and switch to a branch.
105 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
106 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
108 gitlink:git-clean[1]::
109 Remove untracked files from the working tree.
111 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
112 Clones a repository into a new directory.
114 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
115 Record changes to the repository.
117 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
118 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
120 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
121 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
123 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
124 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
126 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
127 Print lines matching a pattern.
130 The git repository browser.
135 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
136 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
138 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
139 Grand unified merge driver.
142 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
144 gitlink:git-pack-refs[1]::
145 Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
147 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
148 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository or a local branch.
150 gitlink:git-push[1]::
151 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
153 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
154 Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
156 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
157 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
159 gitlink:git-rerere[1]::
160 Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
162 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
163 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
165 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
168 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
169 Revert an existing commit.
172 Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
174 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
175 Summarizes 'git log' output.
177 gitlink:git-show[1]::
178 Show one commit log and its diff.
180 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
181 Show branches and their commits.
183 gitlink:git-status[1]::
184 Shows the working tree status.
186 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
187 Check the GPG signature of tag.
189 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
190 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
197 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
198 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
200 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
201 Import an arch repository into git.
203 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
204 Converts old-style git repository.
206 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
207 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
209 gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
210 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
212 gitlink:git-cvsserver[1]::
213 A CVS server emulator for git.
216 Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
218 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
219 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
221 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
222 The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
224 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
225 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
227 gitlink:git-quiltimport[1]::
228 Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
230 gitlink:git-reflog[1]::
231 Manage reflog information.
233 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
234 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
237 Bidirectional operation between a single Subversion branch and git.
239 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
240 Import a SVN repository into git.
242 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
243 Common git shell script setup code.
245 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
246 Read and modify symbolic refs.
249 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
251 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
252 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
257 gitlink:git-annotate[1]::
258 Annotate file lines with commit info.
260 gitlink:git-blame[1]::
261 Find out where each line in a file came from.
263 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
264 Make sure ref name is well formed.
266 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
267 Find commits not merged upstream.
269 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
270 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
272 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
273 A really simple server for git repositories.
275 gitlink:git-fmt-merge-msg[1]::
276 Produce a merge commit message.
278 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
279 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
281 gitlink:git-imap-send[1]::
282 Dump a mailbox from stdin into an imap folder.
284 gitlink:git-instaweb[1]::
285 Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
287 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
288 Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
289 e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
292 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
293 A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
294 individual pieces of e-mail.
296 gitlink:git-merge-tree[1]::
297 Show three-way merge without touching index.
299 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
300 Compute unique ID for a patch.
302 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
303 Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
305 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
308 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
309 Pick out and massage parameters.
311 gitlink:git-runstatus[1]::
312 A helper for git-status and git-commit.
314 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
315 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
317 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
318 Read and modify symbolic refs.
320 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
321 Filter out empty lines.
324 Low-level commands (plumbing)
325 -----------------------------
327 Although git includes its
328 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
329 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
330 might start by reading about gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
331 gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
333 We divide the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
334 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
335 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
338 Manipulation commands
339 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
340 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
341 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
342 applies it to the working tree.
344 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
345 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
347 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
348 Creates a new commit object.
350 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
351 Computes the object ID from a file.
353 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
354 Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
356 gitlink:git-init[1]::
357 Creates an empty git repository, or reinitialize an
360 gitlink:git-merge-file[1]::
361 Runs a threeway merge.
363 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
364 Runs a merge for files needing merging.
366 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
367 Creates a tag object.
369 gitlink:git-mktree[1]::
370 Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
372 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
373 Creates a packed archive of objects.
375 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
376 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
378 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
379 Reads tree information into the index.
381 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
382 Get and set options in .git/config.
384 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
385 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
387 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
388 Registers files in the working tree to the index.
390 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
391 Creates a tree from the index.
394 Interrogation commands
395 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
397 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
398 Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
400 gitlink:git-describe[1]::
401 Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
403 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
404 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
406 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
407 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
409 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
410 Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
412 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
413 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
415 gitlink:git-for-each-ref[1]::
416 Output information on each ref.
418 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
419 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
421 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
422 Information about files in the index and the working tree.
424 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
425 Displays a tree object in human readable form.
427 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
428 Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
430 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
431 Find symbolic names for given revs.
433 gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
434 Find redundant pack files.
436 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
437 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
439 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
440 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
442 gitlink:git-show-ref[1]::
443 List references in a local repository.
445 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
446 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
448 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
449 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
452 Displays a git logical variable.
454 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
455 Validates packed git archive files.
457 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
461 Synching repositories
462 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
464 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
465 Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
468 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
469 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
472 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
473 Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
474 walking commit chain.
476 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
477 Lists references on a remote repository using
478 upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
481 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
482 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
484 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
485 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
487 gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
488 Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
490 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
491 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
493 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
494 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
495 walking commit chain.
497 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
498 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
500 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
501 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
502 clients discover references and packs on it.
504 gitlink:git-upload-archive[1]::
505 Invoked by 'git-archive' to send a generated archive.
507 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
508 Invoked by 'git-fetch-pack' to push
512 Configuration Mechanism
513 -----------------------
515 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
516 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
517 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
518 people. Here is an example:
522 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
527 ; Don't trust file modes
532 name = "Junio C Hamano"
533 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
537 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
538 their operation accordingly.
541 Identifier Terminology
542 ----------------------
544 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
547 Indicates a blob object name.
550 Indicates a tree object name.
553 Indicates a commit object name.
556 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
557 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
558 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
559 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
562 Indicates that an object type is required.
563 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
566 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
567 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
571 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
575 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
576 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
580 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
584 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
586 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
587 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitlink:git-rev-parse[1].
590 File/Directory Structure
591 ------------------------
593 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
595 Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook.
597 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
603 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
606 Environment Variables
607 ---------------------
608 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
612 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
613 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
614 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
617 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
618 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
621 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
622 If the object storage directory is specified via this
623 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
624 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
627 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
628 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
629 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
630 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
631 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
632 written to these directories.
635 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
636 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
637 for the base of the repository.
644 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
645 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
646 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
651 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
652 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
653 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
654 value passed on the git diff command line.
656 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
657 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
658 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
659 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
660 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
662 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
666 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
667 contents of <old|new>,
668 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
669 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
672 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
673 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
674 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
675 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
676 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
678 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
684 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`.
687 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
688 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
689 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
690 execution and external command execution.
691 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
692 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
693 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
694 trace messages into this file descriptor.
695 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
696 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
697 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
700 Discussion[[Discussion]]
701 ------------------------
706 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
707 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
708 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
709 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
713 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
714 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
715 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
719 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite