6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
16 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2]
50 link:RelNotes-1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
52 * link:v1.7.1.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.1]
55 link:RelNotes-1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
56 link:RelNotes-1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
58 * link:v1.7.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.6]
61 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
62 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
63 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
64 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
65 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
66 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
67 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
69 * link:v1.6.6.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.2]
72 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
73 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
74 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
76 * link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8]
79 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
80 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
81 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
82 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
83 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
84 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
89 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
92 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
93 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
94 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
95 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
96 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
98 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
101 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
102 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
103 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
104 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
105 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
108 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
109 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
110 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
111 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
112 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
113 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
115 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
118 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
119 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
120 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
121 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
123 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
126 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
127 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
128 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
129 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
130 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
131 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
132 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
134 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
137 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
138 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
139 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
140 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
141 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
142 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
143 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
145 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
148 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
149 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
150 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
151 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
152 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
154 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
156 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
159 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
160 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
161 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
162 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
163 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
164 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
165 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
166 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
168 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
171 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
172 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
173 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
174 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
175 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
176 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
177 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
178 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
179 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
181 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
184 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
185 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
186 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
187 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
188 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
189 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
191 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
194 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
195 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
196 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
197 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
198 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
199 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
200 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
202 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
205 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
206 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
207 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
208 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
209 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
210 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
211 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
213 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
214 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
215 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
216 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
225 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
228 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
229 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
230 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
231 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
233 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
234 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
235 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
239 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
240 given will override values from configuration files.
241 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
242 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
245 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
246 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
247 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
248 the current setting and then exit.
251 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
256 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
257 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
258 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
262 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
265 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
266 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
267 path or relative path to current working directory.
270 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
271 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
272 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
273 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
274 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
275 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
276 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
277 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
278 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
279 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
280 of your working tree.
283 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
284 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
287 --no-replace-objects::
288 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
289 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
292 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
293 ---------------------
295 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
296 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
298 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
299 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
300 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
302 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
304 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
307 The internals are documented in the
308 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
313 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
314 ("plumbing") commands.
316 High-level commands (porcelain)
317 -------------------------------
319 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
320 ancillary user utilities.
322 Main porcelain commands
323 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
325 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
331 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
335 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
338 Interacting with Others
339 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
341 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
342 people via patch over e-mail.
344 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
347 Low-level commands (plumbing)
348 -----------------------------
350 Although git includes its
351 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
352 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
353 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
354 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
356 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
357 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
358 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
359 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
360 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
363 The following description divides
364 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
365 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
366 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
370 Manipulation commands
371 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
373 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
376 Interrogation commands
377 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
379 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
381 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
385 Synching repositories
386 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
388 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
390 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
391 typically do not use them directly.
393 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
396 Internal helper commands
397 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
399 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
400 users typically do not use them directly.
402 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
405 Configuration Mechanism
406 -----------------------
408 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
409 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
410 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
411 people. Here is an example:
415 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
420 ; Don't trust file modes
425 name = "Junio C Hamano"
426 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
430 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
431 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
435 Identifier Terminology
436 ----------------------
438 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
441 Indicates a blob object name.
444 Indicates a tree object name.
447 Indicates a commit object name.
450 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
451 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
452 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
453 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
456 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
457 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
458 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
459 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
462 Indicates that an object type is required.
463 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
466 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
467 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
471 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
475 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
476 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
480 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
484 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
486 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
487 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[1].
490 File/Directory Structure
491 ------------------------
493 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
495 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
497 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
503 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
506 Environment Variables
507 ---------------------
508 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
512 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
513 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
514 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
517 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
518 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
521 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
522 If the object storage directory is specified via this
523 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
524 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
527 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
528 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
529 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
530 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
531 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
532 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
535 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
536 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
537 for the base of the repository.
540 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
541 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
542 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
543 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
544 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
546 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
547 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
548 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
549 up into while looking for a repository directory.
550 It will not exclude the current working directory or
551 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
552 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
554 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
555 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
556 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
557 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
558 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
559 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
560 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
561 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
569 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
570 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
571 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
573 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
578 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
579 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
580 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
581 value passed on the git diff command line.
583 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
584 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
585 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
586 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
587 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
589 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
593 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
594 contents of <old|new>,
595 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
596 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
599 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
600 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
601 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
602 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
603 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
605 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
610 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
611 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
612 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
613 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
616 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
617 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
618 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
619 linkgit:git-config[1].
622 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
623 and 'git push' will use this command instead
624 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
625 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
626 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
627 shell command to execute on that remote system.
629 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
630 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
631 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
633 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
634 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
638 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
639 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
640 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
641 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
642 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
643 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
644 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
645 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
648 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
649 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
650 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
651 execution and external command execution.
652 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
653 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
654 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
655 trace messages into this file descriptor.
656 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
657 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
658 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
661 Discussion[[Discussion]]
662 ------------------------
664 More detail on the following is available from the
665 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
666 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
668 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
669 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
670 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
671 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
672 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
673 as tags and branch heads.
675 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
676 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
677 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
678 and some number of parent commits.
680 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
681 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
682 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
683 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
685 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
686 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
687 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
688 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
691 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
692 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
694 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
695 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
696 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
697 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
698 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
699 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
701 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
702 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
703 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
704 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
705 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
706 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
707 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
708 content stored in the index.
710 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
711 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
712 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
716 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
717 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
718 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
719 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
723 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
724 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
725 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
729 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
730 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
731 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
732 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
733 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
737 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite