6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.3]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
55 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
67 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
78 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
90 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
101 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
110 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
120 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
130 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
140 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
149 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
163 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
171 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
174 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
185 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
195 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
212 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
220 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
231 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
242 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
253 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
265 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
278 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
288 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
299 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
310 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
311 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
312 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
313 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
322 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
325 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
326 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
327 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
328 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
330 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
331 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
332 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
336 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
337 given will override values from configuration files.
338 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
339 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
341 --exec-path[=<path>]::
342 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
343 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
344 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
345 the current setting and then exit.
348 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
349 documentation is installed and exit.
352 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
353 this version of git and exit.
356 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
357 version of git are installed and exit.
361 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
362 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
363 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
367 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
370 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
371 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
372 path or relative path to current working directory.
375 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
376 or a path relative to the current working directory.
377 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
378 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
379 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
380 more detailed discussion).
383 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
384 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
388 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
389 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
392 --no-replace-objects::
393 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
394 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
397 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
398 ---------------------
400 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
401 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
403 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
404 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
405 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
407 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
409 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
412 The internals are documented in the
413 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
418 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
419 ("plumbing") commands.
421 High-level commands (porcelain)
422 -------------------------------
424 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
425 ancillary user utilities.
427 Main porcelain commands
428 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
430 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
436 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
440 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
443 Interacting with Others
444 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
446 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
447 people via patch over e-mail.
449 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
452 Low-level commands (plumbing)
453 -----------------------------
455 Although git includes its
456 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
457 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
458 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
459 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
461 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
462 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
463 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
464 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
465 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
468 The following description divides
469 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
470 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
471 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
475 Manipulation commands
476 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
478 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
481 Interrogation commands
482 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
484 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
486 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
490 Synching repositories
491 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
493 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
495 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
496 typically do not use them directly.
498 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
501 Internal helper commands
502 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
504 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
505 users typically do not use them directly.
507 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
510 Configuration Mechanism
511 -----------------------
513 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
514 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
515 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
516 people. Here is an example:
520 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
525 ; Don't trust file modes
530 name = "Junio C Hamano"
531 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
535 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
536 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
540 Identifier Terminology
541 ----------------------
543 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
546 Indicates a blob object name.
549 Indicates a tree object name.
552 Indicates a commit object name.
555 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
556 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
557 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
558 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
561 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
562 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
563 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
564 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
567 Indicates that an object type is required.
568 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
571 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
572 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
576 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
580 indicates the head of the current branch.
584 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
588 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
590 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
591 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
594 File/Directory Structure
595 ------------------------
597 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
599 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
601 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
607 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
610 Environment Variables
611 ---------------------
612 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
616 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
617 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
618 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
621 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
622 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
625 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
626 If the object storage directory is specified via this
627 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
628 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
631 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
632 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
633 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
634 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
635 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
636 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
639 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
640 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
641 for the base of the repository.
644 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
645 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
646 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
647 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
648 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
651 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
652 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
654 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
655 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
656 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
657 up into while looking for a repository directory.
658 It will not exclude the current working directory or
659 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
660 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
662 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
663 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
664 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
665 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
666 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
667 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
668 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
669 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
677 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
678 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
679 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
681 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
686 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
687 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
688 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
689 value passed on the git diff command line.
691 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
692 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
693 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
694 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
695 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
697 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
701 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
702 contents of <old|new>,
703 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
704 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
706 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
707 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
708 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
709 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
710 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
712 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
717 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
718 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
719 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
720 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
723 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
724 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
725 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
726 linkgit:git-config[1].
729 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
730 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
731 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
732 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
735 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
736 and 'git push' will use this command instead
737 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
738 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
739 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
740 shell command to execute on that remote system.
742 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
743 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
744 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
746 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
747 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
751 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
752 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
753 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
754 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
755 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
758 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
759 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
760 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
761 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
762 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
763 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
764 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
765 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
768 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
769 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
770 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
771 execution and external command execution.
772 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
773 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
774 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
775 trace messages into this file descriptor.
776 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
777 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
778 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
781 Discussion[[Discussion]]
782 ------------------------
784 More detail on the following is available from the
785 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
786 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
788 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
789 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
790 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
791 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
792 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
793 as tags and branch heads.
795 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
796 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
797 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
798 and some number of parent commits.
800 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
801 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
802 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
803 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
805 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
806 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
807 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
808 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
811 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
812 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
814 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
815 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
816 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
817 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
818 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
819 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
821 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
822 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
823 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
824 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
825 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
826 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
827 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
828 content stored in the index.
830 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
831 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
832 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
836 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
837 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
838 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
839 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
840 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
841 the authors for specific parts of the project.
846 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
847 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
848 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
852 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
853 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
854 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
855 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
856 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
860 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite