4 A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
5 commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA1'
6 syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
7 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
8 blobs contained in a commit.
10 '<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
11 The full SHA1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
12 a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
13 E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
14 name the same commit object if there is no other object in
15 your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
17 '<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
18 Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
19 followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
20 'g', and an abbreviated object name.
22 '<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
23 A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
24 object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you
25 happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
26 explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean.
27 When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the
28 first match in the following rules:
30 . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
31 useful only for 'HEAD', 'FETCH_HEAD', 'ORIG_HEAD', 'MERGE_HEAD'
32 and 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD');
34 . otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists;
36 . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists;
38 . otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists;
40 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists;
42 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists.
44 'HEAD' names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
45 'FETCH_HEAD' records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
46 with your last `git fetch` invocation.
47 'ORIG_HEAD' is created by commands that move your 'HEAD' in a drastic
48 way, to record the position of the 'HEAD' before their operation, so that
49 you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
51 'MERGE_HEAD' records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
52 when you run `git merge`.
53 'CHERRY_PICK_HEAD' records the commit which you are cherry-picking
54 when you run `git cherry-pick`.
56 Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
57 the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file.
58 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is prefered as
59 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.
61 '<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}'::
62 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
64 pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
65 second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') specifies the value
66 of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be
67 used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
68 existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state
69 of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
70 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
71 certain times, see '--since' and '--until'.
73 '<refname>@\{<n>\}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
74 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
75 enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies
76 the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
77 is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
78 is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
79 immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
80 log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').
82 '@\{<n>\}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
83 You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
84 reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
85 branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
87 '@\{-<n>\}', e.g. '@\{-1\}'::
88 The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out
89 before the current one.
91 '<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
92 The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}')
93 refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on
94 top of. A missing branchname defaults to the current one.
96 '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
97 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
98 that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
100 is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule,
101 '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
102 object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
104 '<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3'::
105 A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
106 object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named
107 commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
108 equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
109 '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of
110 the usage of this form.
112 '<rev>{caret}\{<type>\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
113 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
114 brace pair means the object
115 could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an
116 object of that type is found or the object cannot be
117 dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). '<rev>{caret}0'
118 is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
120 '<rev>{caret}\{\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}'::
121 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
122 means the object could be a tag,
123 and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
126 '<rev>{caret}\{/<text>\}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
127 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
128 pair that contains a text led by a slash,
129 is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
130 it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
131 the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.
133 ':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
134 A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
135 a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
136 This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
137 reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a
138 '!' you have to repeat that; the special sequence ':/!',
139 followed by something else than '!', is reserved for now.
140 The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To
141 match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'.
143 '<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README'::
144 A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
145 at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
147 ':path' (with an empty part before the colon)
148 is a special case of the syntax described next: content
149 recorded in the index at the given path.
150 A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory.
151 The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory.
152 This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
153 the same tree structure as the working tree.
155 ':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
156 A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
157 colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
158 index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
159 that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
160 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
161 (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
162 the branch which is being merged.
164 Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B
165 and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered
168 ........................................
179 ........................................
184 D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2
187 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
188 H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2
189 I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^
190 J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2
196 History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
197 of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands,
198 specifying a single revision with the notation described in the
199 previous section means the set of commits reachable from that
200 commit, following the commit ancestry chain.
202 To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
203 notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
204 from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1'.
206 This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
207 for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
208 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
209 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
210 from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
212 A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
213 of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
214 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
215 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
216 'r1' or 'r2' but not from both.
218 In these two shorthands, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
219 For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
220 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin'
221 is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
222 I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
223 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.
225 Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit
226 and its parent commits exist. The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all
227 parents of 'r1'. 'r1{caret}!' includes commit 'r1' but excludes
233 Include commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
237 Exclude commits that are reachable from (i.e. ancestors of)
241 Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
242 those that are reachable from <rev1>.
245 Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or
246 <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.
248 '<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@'::
249 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing
250 all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from
251 its parents, but not the commit itself).
253 '<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
254 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
255 as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
256 '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
258 Here are a handful of examples: