6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.9.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.6]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
54 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
58 * link:v1.7.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.5]
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
68 * link:v1.7.7.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.6]
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
79 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
90 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
99 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
109 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
119 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
129 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
138 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
152 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
155 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
156 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
157 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
160 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
174 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
184 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
201 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
206 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
207 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
209 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
220 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
231 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
242 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
254 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
267 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
277 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
288 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
299 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
300 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
301 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
302 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
311 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
314 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
315 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
316 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
317 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
319 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
320 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
321 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
325 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
326 given will override values from configuration files.
327 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
328 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
330 --exec-path[=<path>]::
331 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
332 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
333 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
334 the current setting and then exit.
337 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
338 documentation is installed and exit.
341 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
342 this version of git and exit.
345 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
346 version of git are installed and exit.
350 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
351 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
352 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
356 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
359 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
360 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
361 path or relative path to current working directory.
364 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
365 or a path relative to the current working directory.
366 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
367 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
368 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
369 more detailed discussion).
372 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
373 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
377 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
378 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
381 --no-replace-objects::
382 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
383 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
386 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
387 ---------------------
389 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
390 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
392 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
393 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
394 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
396 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
398 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
401 The internals are documented in the
402 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
407 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
408 ("plumbing") commands.
410 High-level commands (porcelain)
411 -------------------------------
413 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
414 ancillary user utilities.
416 Main porcelain commands
417 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
419 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
425 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
429 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
432 Interacting with Others
433 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
435 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
436 people via patch over e-mail.
438 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
441 Low-level commands (plumbing)
442 -----------------------------
444 Although git includes its
445 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
446 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
447 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
448 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
450 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
451 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
452 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
453 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
454 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
457 The following description divides
458 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
459 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
460 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
464 Manipulation commands
465 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
467 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
470 Interrogation commands
471 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
473 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
475 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
479 Synching repositories
480 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
482 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
484 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
485 typically do not use them directly.
487 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
490 Internal helper commands
491 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
493 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
494 users typically do not use them directly.
496 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
499 Configuration Mechanism
500 -----------------------
502 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
503 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
504 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
505 people. Here is an example:
509 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
514 ; Don't trust file modes
519 name = "Junio C Hamano"
520 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
524 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
525 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
529 Identifier Terminology
530 ----------------------
532 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
535 Indicates a blob object name.
538 Indicates a tree object name.
541 Indicates a commit object name.
544 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
545 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
546 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
547 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
550 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
551 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
552 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
553 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
556 Indicates that an object type is required.
557 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
560 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
561 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
565 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
569 indicates the head of the current branch.
573 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
577 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
579 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
580 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
583 File/Directory Structure
584 ------------------------
586 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
588 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
590 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
596 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
599 Environment Variables
600 ---------------------
601 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
605 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
606 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
607 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
610 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
611 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
614 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
615 If the object storage directory is specified via this
616 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
617 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
620 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
621 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
622 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
623 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
624 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
625 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
628 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
629 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
630 for the base of the repository.
633 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
634 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
635 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
636 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
637 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
640 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
641 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
643 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
644 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
645 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
646 up into while looking for a repository directory.
647 It will not exclude the current working directory or
648 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
649 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
651 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
652 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
653 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
654 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
655 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
656 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
657 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
658 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
666 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
667 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
668 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
670 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
675 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
676 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
677 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
678 value passed on the git diff command line.
680 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
681 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
682 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
683 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
684 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
686 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
690 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
691 contents of <old|new>,
692 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
693 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
695 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
696 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
697 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
698 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
699 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
701 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
706 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
707 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
708 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
709 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
712 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
713 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
714 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
715 linkgit:git-config[1].
718 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
719 It is used by several git comands when, on interactive mode,
720 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
721 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
724 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
725 and 'git push' will use this command instead
726 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
727 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
728 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
729 shell command to execute on that remote system.
731 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
732 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
733 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
735 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
736 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
740 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
741 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
742 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
743 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
744 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
747 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
748 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
749 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
750 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
751 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
752 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
753 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
754 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
757 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
758 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
759 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
760 execution and external command execution.
761 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
762 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
763 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
764 trace messages into this file descriptor.
765 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
766 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
767 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
770 Discussion[[Discussion]]
771 ------------------------
773 More detail on the following is available from the
774 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
775 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
777 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
778 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
779 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
780 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
781 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
782 as tags and branch heads.
784 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
785 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
786 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
787 and some number of parent commits.
789 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
790 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
791 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
792 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
794 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
795 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
796 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
797 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
800 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
801 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
803 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
804 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
805 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
806 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
807 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
808 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
810 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
811 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
812 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
813 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
814 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
815 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
816 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
817 content stored in the index.
819 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
820 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
821 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
825 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
826 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
827 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
828 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
829 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
830 the authors for specific parts of the project.
835 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
836 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
837 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
841 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
842 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
843 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
844 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
845 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
849 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite