6 git - the stupid content tracker
11 'git-<command>' <args>
16 This is reference information for the core git commands.
18 Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
19 at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
21 The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
22 clarification info - read that first. And of the commands, I suggest
23 reading gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
24 gitlink:git-read-tree[1] first - I wish I had!
26 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
27 document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
29 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
30 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
31 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
34 David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>
37 Updated by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> on 2005-05-05 to
38 reflect recent changes.
42 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
43 the repository, the cache and the working fileset, those that
44 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
45 references between repositories.
47 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
48 commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
51 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
52 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
53 SCMs layered over git.
57 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
58 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
59 applies it to the working tree.
61 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
62 Copy files from the cache to the working directory
63 Previously this command was known as git-checkout-cache.
65 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
66 Creates a new commit object
68 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
69 Computes the object ID from a file.
71 gitlink:git-index-pack.html[1]::
72 Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
74 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
75 Creates an empty git object database
77 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
78 Runs a merge for files needing merging
79 Previously this command was known as git-merge-cache.
81 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
84 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
85 Creates a packed archive of objects.
87 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
88 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
90 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
91 Reads tree information into the directory cache
93 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
94 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
96 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
97 Modifies the index or directory cache
98 Previously this command was known as git-update-cache.
100 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
101 Creates a tree from the current cache
104 Interrogation commands
105 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
107 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
108 Provide content or type information for repository objects
110 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
111 Compares content and mode of blobs between the cache and repository
112 Previously this command was known as git-diff-cache.
114 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
115 Compares files in the working tree and the cache
117 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
118 Compares two "merge stages" in the index file.
120 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
121 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
123 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
124 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
125 Previously this command was known as git-fsck-cache.
127 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
128 Information about files in the cache/working directory
130 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
131 Displays a tree object in human readable form
133 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
134 Finds as good a common ancestor as possible for a merge
136 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
137 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
139 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
140 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
142 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
143 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree
145 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
146 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents
149 Displays a git logical variable
151 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
152 Validates packed git archive files
154 The interrogate commands may create files - and you can force them to
155 touch the working file set - but in general they don't
158 Synching repositories
159 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
161 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
162 Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
163 for ssh and local transport)
165 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
166 Updates from a remote repository.
168 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
169 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP
170 Previously this command was known as git-http-pull.
172 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
173 Duplicates another git repository on a local system
174 Previously this command was known as git-local-pull.
176 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
177 Lists references on a remote repository using upload-pack protocol.
179 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
180 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
182 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
183 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
185 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
186 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection
187 Previously this command was known as git-ssh-pull.
189 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
190 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch
191 Previously this command was known as git-ssh-push.
193 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
194 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
195 clients discover references and packs on it.
197 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
198 Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
202 Porcelain-ish Commands
203 ----------------------
206 Add paths to the index file.
207 Previously this command was known as git-add-script.
209 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
210 Apply patches from a mailbox.
212 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
213 Find the change that introduced a bug.
214 Previously this command was known as git-bisect-script.
216 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
217 Create and Show branches.
218 Previously this command was known as git-branch-script.
220 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
221 Checkout and switch to a branch.
222 Previously this command was known as git-checkout-script.
224 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
225 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
226 Previously this command was known as git-cherry-pick-script.
228 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
229 Clones a repository into a new directory.
230 Previously this command was known as git-clone-script.
232 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
233 Record changes to the repository.
234 Previously this command was known as git-commit-script.
236 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
237 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
238 Previously this command was known as git-diff-script.
240 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
241 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
242 Previously this command was known as git-fetch-script.
244 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
245 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
246 Previously this command was known as git-format-patch-script.
248 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
249 Print lines matching a pattern
253 Previously this command was known as git-log-script.
255 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
256 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
257 Previously this command was known as git-ls-remote-script.
259 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
260 Grand unified merge driver.
262 gitlink:git-octopus[1]::
263 Merge more than two commits.
264 Previously this command was known as git-octopus-script.
266 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
267 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
268 Previously this command was known as git-pull-script.
270 gitlink:git-push[1]::
271 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
272 Previously this command was known as git-push-script.
274 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
275 Rebase local commits to new upstream head.
276 Previously this command was known as git-rebase-script.
278 gitlink:git-rename[1]::
279 Rename files and directories.
280 Previously this command was known as git-rename-script.
282 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
283 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
284 Previously this command was known as git-repack-script.
286 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
287 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
288 Previously this command was known as git-reset-script.
290 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
292 Previously this command was known as git-resolve-script.
294 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
295 Revert an existing commit.
296 Previously this command was known as git-revert-script.
298 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
299 Summarizes 'git log' output.
301 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
302 Show branches and their commits.
304 gitlink:git-status[1]::
305 Shows the working tree status.
306 Previously this command was known as git-status-script.
308 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
309 Check the GPG signature of tag.
310 Previously this command was known as git-verify-tag-script.
312 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
313 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
320 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
321 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
323 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
324 Import an arch repository into git.
325 Previously this command was known as git-archimport-script.
327 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
328 Converts old-style git repository
329 Previously this command was known as git-convert-cache.
331 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
332 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
333 Previously this command was known as git-cvsimport-script.
335 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
336 The standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index"
337 Previously this command was known as git-merge-one-file-script.
339 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
340 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
341 Previously this command was known as git-prune-script.
343 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
344 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
345 Previously this command was known as git-relink-script.
347 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
348 Common git shell script setup code.
349 Previously this command was known as git-sh-setup-script.
352 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG
353 Previously this command was known as git-tag-script.
358 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
359 Find commits not merged upstream.
361 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
362 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
363 Previously this command was known as git-count-objects-script.
365 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
366 A really simple server for git repositories.
368 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
369 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
371 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
372 Extracts patch from a single e-mail message.
374 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
377 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
378 Compute unique ID for a patch.
380 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
381 Routines to help parsing $GIT_DIR/remotes/
382 Previously this command was known as git-parse-remote-script.
384 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
386 Previously this command was known as git-request-pull-script.
388 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
389 Pick out and massage parameters.
391 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
392 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
393 Previously this command was known as git-send-email-script.
395 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
396 Filter out empty lines.
399 Commands not yet documented
400 ---------------------------
406 Identifier Terminology
407 ----------------------
409 Indicates the sha1 identifier for any type of object
412 Indicates a blob object sha1 identifier
415 Indicates a tree object sha1 identifier
418 Indicates a commit object sha1 identifier
421 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object sha1 identifier. A
422 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
423 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
424 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
427 Indicates that an object type is required.
428 Currently one of: blob/tree/commit/tag
431 Indicates a filename - always relative to the root of
432 the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
436 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
440 indicates the head of the repository (ie the contents of
444 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`)
447 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`)
449 a valid snapshot 'name'+
450 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`)
453 File/Directory Structure
454 ------------------------
456 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
458 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
464 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
467 Environment Variables
468 ---------------------
469 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
473 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
474 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
475 git so take care if using Cogito etc
478 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
479 cache/index file. If not specified, the default of
480 `$GIT_DIR/index` is used.
482 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
483 If the object storage directory is specified via this
484 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
485 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
488 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
489 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
490 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
491 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
492 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
493 written to these directories.
496 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies
497 a path to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the
505 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
506 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
507 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
512 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
513 see the "generating patches" section in :
514 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
515 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
516 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
518 Discussion[[Discussion]]
519 ------------------------
524 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
528 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
532 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite