1 Like other projects, we also have some guidelines to keep to the
2 code. For git in general, three rough rules are:
4 - Most importantly, we never say "It's in POSIX; we'll happily
5 ignore your needs should your system not conform to it."
6 We live in the real world.
8 - However, we often say "Let's stay away from that construct,
9 it's not even in POSIX".
11 - In spite of the above two rules, we sometimes say "Although
12 this is not in POSIX, it (is so convenient | makes the code
13 much more readable | has other good characteristics) and
14 practically all the platforms we care about support it, so
17 Again, we live in the real world, and it is sometimes a
18 judgement call, the decision based more on real world
19 constraints people face than what the paper standard says.
22 As for more concrete guidelines, just imitate the existing code
23 (this is a good guideline, no matter which project you are
24 contributing to). It is always preferable to match the _local_
25 convention. New code added to git suite is expected to match
26 the overall style of existing code. Modifications to existing
27 code is expected to match the style the surrounding code already
28 uses (even if it doesn't match the overall style of existing code).
30 But if you must have a list of rules, here they are.
32 For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive):
34 - We prefer $( ... ) for command substitution; unlike ``, it
35 properly nests. It should have been the way Bourne spelled
36 it from day one, but unfortunately isn't.
38 - We use POSIX compliant parameter substitutions and avoid bashisms;
41 - We use ${parameter-word} and its [-=?+] siblings, and their
42 colon'ed "unset or null" form.
44 - We use ${parameter#word} and its [#%] siblings, and their
45 doubled "longest matching" form.
47 - No "Substring Expansion" ${parameter:offset:length}.
51 - No strlen ${#parameter}.
53 - No pattern replacement ${parameter/pattern/string}.
55 - We use Arithmetic Expansion $(( ... )).
57 - Inside Arithmetic Expansion, spell shell variables with $ in front
58 of them, as some shells do not grok $((x)) while accepting $(($x))
59 just fine (e.g. dash older than 0.5.4).
61 - We do not use Process Substitution <(list) or >(list).
63 - We prefer "test" over "[ ... ]".
65 - We do not write the noiseword "function" in front of shell
68 - As to use of grep, stick to a subset of BRE (namely, no \{m,n\},
69 [::], [==], nor [..]) for portability.
71 - We do not use \{m,n\};
75 - We do not use ? nor + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\}
76 respectively in BRE) but that goes without saying as these
77 are ERE elements not BRE (note that \? and \+ are not even part
78 of BRE -- making them accessible from BRE is a GNU extension).
82 - We use tabs to indent, and interpret tabs as taking up to
85 - We try to keep to at most 80 characters per line.
87 - When declaring pointers, the star sides with the variable
88 name, i.e. "char *string", not "char* string" or
89 "char * string". This makes it easier to understand code
90 like "char *string, c;".
92 - We avoid using braces unnecessarily. I.e.
98 is frowned upon. A gray area is when the statement extends
99 over a few lines, and/or you have a lengthy comment atop of
100 it. Also, like in the Linux kernel, if there is a long list
101 of "else if" statements, it can make sense to add braces to
104 - We try to avoid assignments inside if().
106 - Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments
107 in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code
108 they were describing changes. Often splitting a function
109 into two makes the intention of the code much clearer.
111 - Double negation is often harder to understand than no negation
114 - Some clever tricks, like using the !! operator with arithmetic
115 constructs, can be extremely confusing to others. Avoid them,
116 unless there is a compelling reason to use them.
118 - Use the API. No, really. We have a strbuf (variable length
119 string), several arrays with the ALLOC_GROW() macro, a
120 string_list for sorted string lists, a hash map (mapping struct
121 objects) named "struct decorate", amongst other things.
123 - When you come up with an API, document it.
125 - The first #include in C files, except in platform specific
126 compat/ implementations, should be git-compat-util.h or another
127 header file that includes it, such as cache.h or builtin.h.
129 - If you are planning a new command, consider writing it in shell
130 or perl first, so that changes in semantics can be easily
131 changed and discussed. Many git commands started out like
132 that, and a few are still scripts.
134 - Avoid introducing a new dependency into git. This means you
135 usually should stay away from scripting languages not already
136 used in the git core command set (unless your command is clearly
137 separate from it, such as an importer to convert random-scm-X
138 repositories to git).
140 - When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to
141 pass them in that order.
143 Writing Documentation:
145 Every user-visible change should be reflected in the documentation.
146 The same general rule as for code applies -- imitate the existing
147 conventions. A few commented examples follow to provide reference
148 when writing or modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections
151 Placeholders are enclosed in angle brackets:
156 Possibility of multiple occurences is indicated by three dots:
158 (One or more of <file>.)
160 Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets:
162 (Zero or one <extra>.)
165 (Option with an optional argument. Note that the "=" is inside the
169 (Zero or more of <patch>. Note that the dots are inside, not
170 outside the brackets.)
172 Multiple alternatives are indicated with vertical bar:
176 Parentheses are used for grouping:
178 (Any number of either <rev> or <range>. Parens are needed to make
179 it clear that "..." pertains to both <rev> and <range>.)
182 (Any number of option -p, each with one <parent> argument.)
184 git remote set-head <name> (-a | -d | <branch>)
185 (One and only one of "-a", "-d" or "<branch>" _must_ (no square
186 brackets) be provided.)
188 And a somewhat more contrived example:
189 --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
190 Here "=" is outside the brackets, because "--diff-filter=" is a
191 valid usage. "*" has its own pair of brackets, because it can
192 (optionally) be specified only when one or more of the letters is