6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
14 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
52 * link:v1.7.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.5]
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
62 * link:v1.7.6.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.5]
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
72 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
81 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
91 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
101 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
111 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
120 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
134 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
137 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
142 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
145 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
146 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
147 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
153 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
154 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
156 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
162 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
166 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
183 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
186 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
191 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
202 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
206 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
207 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
208 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
209 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
210 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
213 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
224 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
230 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
231 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
232 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
236 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
241 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
242 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
243 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
249 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
253 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
254 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
259 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
264 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
266 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
270 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
281 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
282 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
283 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
284 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
293 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
296 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
297 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
298 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
299 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
301 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
302 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
303 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
307 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
308 given will override values from configuration files.
309 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
310 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
312 --exec-path[=<path>]::
313 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
314 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
315 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
316 the current setting and then exit.
319 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
320 documentation is installed and exit.
323 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
324 this version of git and exit.
327 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
328 version of git are installed and exit.
332 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
333 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
334 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
338 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
341 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
342 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
343 path or relative path to current working directory.
346 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
347 or a path relative to the current working directory.
348 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
349 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
350 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
351 more detailed discussion).
354 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
355 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
359 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
360 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
363 --no-replace-objects::
364 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
365 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
368 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
369 ---------------------
371 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
372 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
374 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
375 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
376 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
378 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
380 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
383 The internals are documented in the
384 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
389 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
390 ("plumbing") commands.
392 High-level commands (porcelain)
393 -------------------------------
395 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
396 ancillary user utilities.
398 Main porcelain commands
399 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
401 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
407 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
411 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
414 Interacting with Others
415 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
417 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
418 people via patch over e-mail.
420 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
423 Low-level commands (plumbing)
424 -----------------------------
426 Although git includes its
427 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
428 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
429 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
430 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
432 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
433 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
434 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
435 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
436 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
439 The following description divides
440 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
441 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
442 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
446 Manipulation commands
447 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
449 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
452 Interrogation commands
453 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
455 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
457 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
461 Synching repositories
462 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
464 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
466 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
467 typically do not use them directly.
469 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
472 Internal helper commands
473 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
475 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
476 users typically do not use them directly.
478 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
481 Configuration Mechanism
482 -----------------------
484 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
485 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
486 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
487 people. Here is an example:
491 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
496 ; Don't trust file modes
501 name = "Junio C Hamano"
502 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
506 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
507 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
511 Identifier Terminology
512 ----------------------
514 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
517 Indicates a blob object name.
520 Indicates a tree object name.
523 Indicates a commit object name.
526 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
527 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
528 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
529 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
532 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
533 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
534 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
535 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
538 Indicates that an object type is required.
539 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
542 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
543 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
547 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
551 indicates the head of the current branch.
555 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
559 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
561 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
562 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
565 File/Directory Structure
566 ------------------------
568 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
570 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
572 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
578 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
581 Environment Variables
582 ---------------------
583 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
587 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
588 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
589 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
592 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
593 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
596 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
597 If the object storage directory is specified via this
598 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
599 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
602 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
603 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
604 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
605 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
606 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
607 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
610 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
611 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
612 for the base of the repository.
615 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
616 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
617 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
618 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
619 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
622 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
623 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
625 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
626 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
627 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
628 up into while looking for a repository directory.
629 It will not exclude the current working directory or
630 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
631 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
633 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
634 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
635 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
636 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
637 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
638 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
639 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
640 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
648 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
649 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
650 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
652 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
657 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
658 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
659 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
660 value passed on the git diff command line.
662 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
663 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
664 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
665 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
666 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
668 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
672 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
673 contents of <old|new>,
674 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
675 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
677 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
678 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
679 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
680 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
681 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
683 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
688 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
689 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
690 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
691 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
694 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
695 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
696 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
697 linkgit:git-config[1].
700 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
701 and 'git push' will use this command instead
702 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
703 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
704 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
705 shell command to execute on that remote system.
707 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
708 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
709 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
711 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
712 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
716 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
717 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
718 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
719 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
720 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
723 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
724 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
725 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
726 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
727 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
728 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
729 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
730 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
733 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
734 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
735 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
736 execution and external command execution.
737 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
738 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
739 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
740 trace messages into this file descriptor.
741 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
742 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
743 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
746 Discussion[[Discussion]]
747 ------------------------
749 More detail on the following is available from the
750 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
751 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
753 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
754 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
755 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
756 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
757 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
758 as tags and branch heads.
760 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
761 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
762 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
763 and some number of parent commits.
765 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
766 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
767 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
768 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
770 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
771 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
772 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
773 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
776 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
777 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
779 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
780 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
781 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
782 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
783 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
784 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
786 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
787 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
788 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
789 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
790 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
791 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
792 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
793 content stored in the index.
795 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
796 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
797 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
801 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
802 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
803 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
804 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
805 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
806 the authors for specific parts of the project.
811 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
812 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
813 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
817 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
818 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
819 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
820 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
821 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
825 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite