6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.6.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.1]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
52 * link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8]
55 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
56 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
57 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
58 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
59 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
60 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
61 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
62 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
63 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
65 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
68 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
69 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
70 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
71 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
72 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
74 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
77 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
78 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
79 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
80 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
81 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
84 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
88 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
89 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
91 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
94 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
95 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
96 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
97 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
99 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
102 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
103 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
104 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
105 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
106 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
107 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
108 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
110 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
115 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
116 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
117 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
118 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
121 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
126 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
127 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
128 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
129 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
130 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
132 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
135 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
136 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
137 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
138 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
139 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
140 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
141 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
142 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
144 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
147 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
148 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
149 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
150 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
151 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
152 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
154 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
155 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
157 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
160 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
161 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
162 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
163 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
164 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
165 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
167 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
170 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
171 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
172 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
173 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
174 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
175 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
176 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
178 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
181 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
182 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
183 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
184 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
185 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
186 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
187 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
189 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
190 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
191 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
192 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
201 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
204 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
205 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
206 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
207 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
209 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
210 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
211 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
215 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
216 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
217 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
218 the current setting and then exit.
221 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
226 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
229 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
232 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
233 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
234 path or relative path to current working directory.
237 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
238 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
239 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
240 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
241 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
242 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
243 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
244 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
245 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
246 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
247 of your working tree.
250 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
251 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
254 --no-replace-objects::
255 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
256 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
259 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
260 ---------------------
262 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
263 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
265 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
266 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
267 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
269 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
271 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
274 The internals are documented in the
275 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
280 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
281 ("plumbing") commands.
283 High-level commands (porcelain)
284 -------------------------------
286 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
287 ancillary user utilities.
289 Main porcelain commands
290 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
292 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
298 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
302 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
305 Interacting with Others
306 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
308 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
309 people via patch over e-mail.
311 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
314 Low-level commands (plumbing)
315 -----------------------------
317 Although git includes its
318 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
319 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
320 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
321 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
323 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
324 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
325 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
326 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
327 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
330 The following description divides
331 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
332 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
333 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
337 Manipulation commands
338 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
340 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
343 Interrogation commands
344 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
346 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
348 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
352 Synching repositories
353 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
355 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
357 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
358 typically do not use them directly.
360 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
363 Internal helper commands
364 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
366 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
367 users typically do not use them directly.
369 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
372 Configuration Mechanism
373 -----------------------
375 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
376 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
377 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
378 people. Here is an example:
382 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
387 ; Don't trust file modes
392 name = "Junio C Hamano"
393 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
397 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
398 their operation accordingly.
401 Identifier Terminology
402 ----------------------
404 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
407 Indicates a blob object name.
410 Indicates a tree object name.
413 Indicates a commit object name.
416 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
417 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
418 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
419 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
422 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
423 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
424 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
425 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
428 Indicates that an object type is required.
429 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
432 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
433 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
437 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
441 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
442 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
446 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
450 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
452 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
453 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
456 File/Directory Structure
457 ------------------------
459 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
461 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
463 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
469 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
472 Environment Variables
473 ---------------------
474 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
478 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
479 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
480 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
483 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
484 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
487 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
488 If the object storage directory is specified via this
489 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
490 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
493 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
494 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
495 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
496 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
497 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
498 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
501 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
502 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
503 for the base of the repository.
506 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
507 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
508 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
509 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
510 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
512 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
513 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
514 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
515 up into while looking for a repository directory.
516 It will not exclude the current working directory or
517 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
518 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
525 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
526 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
527 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
529 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
534 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
535 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
536 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
537 value passed on the git diff command line.
539 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
540 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
541 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
542 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
543 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
545 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
549 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
550 contents of <old|new>,
551 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
552 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
555 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
556 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
557 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
558 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
559 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
561 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
566 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
567 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
568 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
569 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
572 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
573 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
574 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
575 linkgit:git-config[1].
578 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
579 and 'git push' will use this command instead
580 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
581 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
582 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
583 shell command to execute on that remote system.
585 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
586 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
587 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
589 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
590 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
594 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
595 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
596 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
597 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
598 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
599 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
600 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
601 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
604 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
605 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
606 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
607 execution and external command execution.
608 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
609 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
610 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
611 trace messages into this file descriptor.
612 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
613 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
614 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
617 Discussion[[Discussion]]
618 ------------------------
620 More detail on the following is available from the
621 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
622 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
624 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
625 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
626 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
627 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
628 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
629 as tags and branch heads.
631 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
632 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
633 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
634 and some number of parent commits.
636 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
637 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
638 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
639 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
641 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
642 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
643 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
644 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
647 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
648 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
650 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
651 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
652 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
653 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
654 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
655 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
657 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
658 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
659 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
660 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
661 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
662 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
663 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
664 content stored in the index.
666 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
667 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
668 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
672 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
673 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
674 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
675 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
679 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
680 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
681 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
685 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
686 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
687 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
688 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
689 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
693 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite