6 git - the stupid content tracker
11 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
15 'git' is both a program and a directory content tracker system.
16 The program 'git' is just a wrapper to reach the core git programs
17 (or a potty if you like, as it's not exactly porcelain but still
18 brings your stuff to the plumbing).
23 prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
26 prints the synopsis and a list of available commands.
27 If a git command is named this option will bring up the
28 man-page for that command.
31 path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
32 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
33 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
34 the current setting and then exit.
38 Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
39 at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
41 The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
42 clarification info - read that first. And of the commands, I suggest
43 reading gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
44 gitlink:git-read-tree[1] first - I wish I had!
46 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
47 document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
49 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
50 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
51 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
54 David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>
57 Updated by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> on 2005-05-05 to
58 reflect recent changes.
62 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
63 the repository, the index and the working fileset, those that
64 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
65 references between repositories.
67 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
68 commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
71 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
72 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
73 SCMs layered over git.
77 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
78 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
79 applies it to the working tree.
81 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
82 Copy files from the index to the working directory
84 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
85 Creates a new commit object
87 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
88 Computes the object ID from a file.
90 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
91 Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
93 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
94 Creates an empty git object database
96 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
97 Runs a merge for files needing merging
99 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
102 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
103 Creates a packed archive of objects.
105 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
106 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
108 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
109 Reads tree information into the directory index
111 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
112 Get and set options in .git/config.
114 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
115 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
117 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
118 Modifies the index or directory cache
120 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
121 Creates a tree from the current index
124 Interrogation commands
125 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
127 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
128 Provide content or type information for repository objects
130 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
131 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository
133 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
134 Compares files in the working tree and the index
136 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
137 Compares two "merge stages" in the index file.
139 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
140 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
142 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
143 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
145 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
146 Information about files in the index/working directory
148 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
149 Displays a tree object in human readable form
151 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
152 Finds as good a common ancestor as possible for a merge
154 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
155 Find symbolic names for given revs
157 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
158 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
160 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
161 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
163 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
164 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree
166 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
167 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents
170 Displays a git logical variable
172 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
173 Validates packed git archive files
175 The interrogate commands may create files - and you can force them to
176 touch the working file set - but in general they don't
179 Synching repositories
180 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
182 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
183 Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
184 for ssh and local transport)
186 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
187 Updates from a remote repository.
189 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
190 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP
192 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
193 Duplicates another git repository on a local system
195 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
196 Lists references on a remote repository using upload-pack protocol.
198 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
199 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
201 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
202 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
204 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
205 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
207 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
208 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection
210 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
211 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch
213 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
214 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
215 clients discover references and packs on it.
217 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
218 Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
222 Porcelain-ish Commands
223 ----------------------
226 Add paths to the index file.
229 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
231 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
232 Apply patches from a mailbox.
234 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
235 Find the change that introduced a bug.
237 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
238 Create and Show branches.
240 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
241 Checkout and switch to a branch.
243 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
244 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
246 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
247 Clones a repository into a new directory.
249 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
250 Record changes to the repository.
252 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
253 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
255 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
256 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
258 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
259 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
261 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
262 Print lines matching a pattern
267 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
268 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
270 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
271 Grand unified merge driver.
274 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
276 gitlink:git-octopus[1]::
277 Merge more than two commits.
279 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
280 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
282 gitlink:git-push[1]::
283 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
285 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
286 Rebase local commits to new upstream head.
288 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
289 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
291 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
292 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
294 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
297 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
298 Revert an existing commit.
300 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
301 Summarizes 'git log' output.
303 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
304 Show branches and their commits.
306 gitlink:git-status[1]::
307 Shows the working tree status.
309 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
310 Check the GPG signature of tag.
312 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
313 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
320 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
321 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
323 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
324 Import an arch repository into git.
326 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
327 Converts old-style git repository
329 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
330 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
332 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
333 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
335 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
336 The standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index"
338 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
339 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
341 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
342 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
344 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
345 Import a SVN repository into git.
347 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
348 Common git shell script setup code.
350 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
351 Read and modify symbolic refs
354 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG
356 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
357 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
362 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
363 Make sure ref name is well formed.
365 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
366 Find commits not merged upstream.
368 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
369 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
371 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
372 A really simple server for git repositories.
374 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
375 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
377 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
378 Extracts patch from a single e-mail message.
380 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
383 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
384 Compute unique ID for a patch.
386 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
387 Routines to help parsing $GIT_DIR/remotes/
389 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
392 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
393 Pick out and massage parameters.
395 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
396 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
398 gitlink:git-symbolic-refs[1]::
399 Read and modify symbolic refs.
401 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
402 Filter out empty lines.
405 Commands not yet documented
406 ---------------------------
412 Configuration Mechanism
413 -----------------------
415 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), .git/config file
416 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
417 simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
418 people. Here is an example:
422 # This is the config file, and
423 # a '#' or ';' character indicates
429 ; Don't trust file modes
434 name = "Junio C Hamano"
435 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
439 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
440 their operation accordingly.
443 Identifier Terminology
444 ----------------------
446 Indicates the sha1 identifier for any type of object
449 Indicates a blob object sha1 identifier
452 Indicates a tree object sha1 identifier
455 Indicates a commit object sha1 identifier
458 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object sha1 identifier. A
459 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
460 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
461 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
464 Indicates that an object type is required.
465 Currently one of: blob/tree/commit/tag
468 Indicates a filename - always relative to the root of
469 the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
473 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
477 indicates the head of the repository (ie the contents of
481 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`)
484 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`)
486 a valid snapshot 'name'+
487 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`)
490 File/Directory Structure
491 ------------------------
493 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
495 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
501 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
504 Environment Variables
505 ---------------------
506 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
510 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
511 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
512 git so take care if using Cogito etc
515 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
516 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
519 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
520 If the object storage directory is specified via this
521 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
522 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
525 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
526 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
527 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
528 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
529 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
530 written to these directories.
533 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies
534 a path to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the
542 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
543 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
544 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
549 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
550 see the "generating patches" section in :
551 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
552 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
553 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
555 Discussion[[Discussion]]
556 ------------------------
561 git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
562 The current git nurse is Junio C. Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
563 The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
564 General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
568 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
572 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite