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 401 </style>
 402 </head>
 403 <body>
 404 <div id="header">
 405 <h1>
 406 git(1) Manual Page
 407 </h1>
 408 <h2>NAME</h2>
 409 <div class="sectionbody">
 410 <p>git -
 411    the stupid content tracker
 412 </p>
 413 </div>
 414 </div>
 415 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 416 <div class="sectionbody">
 417 <div class="verseblock">
 418 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git</em> [--version] [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
 419     [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
 420     [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;]
 421     [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
 422     [--help] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</div>
 423 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
 424 </div></div>
 425 </div>
 426 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 427 <div class="sectionbody">
 428 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
 429 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
 430 and full access to internals.</p></div>
 431 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
 432 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a> for a useful minimum set of commands, and
 433 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command.  CVS users may
 434 also want to read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.  See
 435 the <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> for a more in-depth
 436 introduction.</p></div>
 437 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;command&gt;</em> is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
 438 as defined in the configuration file (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
 439 <div class="paragraph"><p>Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
 440 documentation can be viewed at
 441 <tt>http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/</tt>.</p></div>
 442 </div>
 443 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 444 <div class="sectionbody">
 445 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 446 <dt class="hdlist1">
 447 --version
 448 </dt>
 449 <dd>
 450 <p>
 451         Prints the git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
 452 </p>
 453 </dd>
 454 <dt class="hdlist1">
 455 --help
 456 </dt>
 457 <dd>
 458 <p>
 459         Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 460         commands. If the option <em>--all</em> or <em>-a</em> is given then all
 461         available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
 462         option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 463 </p>
 464 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 465 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
 466 because <tt>git --help &#8230;</tt> is converted internally into <tt>git
 467 help &#8230;</tt>.</p></div>
 468 </dd>
 469 <dt class="hdlist1">
 470 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
 471 </dt>
 472 <dd>
 473 <p>
 474         Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 475         given will override values from configuration files.
 476         The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
 477         <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
 478 </p>
 479 </dd>
 480 <dt class="hdlist1">
 481 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
 482 </dt>
 483 <dd>
 484 <p>
 485         Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
 486         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 487         environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
 488         the current setting and then exit.
 489 </p>
 490 </dd>
 491 <dt class="hdlist1">
 492 --html-path
 493 </dt>
 494 <dd>
 495 <p>
 496         Print the path, without trailing slash, where git&#8217;s HTML
 497         documentation is installed and exit.
 498 </p>
 499 </dd>
 500 <dt class="hdlist1">
 501 --man-path
 502 </dt>
 503 <dd>
 504 <p>
 505         Print the manpath (see <tt>man(1)</tt>) for the man pages for
 506         this version of git and exit.
 507 </p>
 508 </dd>
 509 <dt class="hdlist1">
 510 --info-path
 511 </dt>
 512 <dd>
 513 <p>
 514         Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 515         version of git are installed and exit.
 516 </p>
 517 </dd>
 518 <dt class="hdlist1">
 519 -p
 520 </dt>
 521 <dt class="hdlist1">
 522 --paginate
 523 </dt>
 524 <dd>
 525 <p>
 526         Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 527         output is a terminal.  This overrides the <tt>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</tt>
 528         configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 529         below).
 530 </p>
 531 </dd>
 532 <dt class="hdlist1">
 533 --no-pager
 534 </dt>
 535 <dd>
 536 <p>
 537         Do not pipe git output into a pager.
 538 </p>
 539 </dd>
 540 <dt class="hdlist1">
 541 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
 542 </dt>
 543 <dd>
 544 <p>
 545         Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 546         setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
 547         path or relative path to current working directory.
 548 </p>
 549 </dd>
 550 <dt class="hdlist1">
 551 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
 552 </dt>
 553 <dd>
 554 <p>
 555         Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 556         or a path relative to the current working directory.
 557         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 558         environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 559         variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
 560         more detailed discussion).
 561 </p>
 562 </dd>
 563 <dt class="hdlist1">
 564 --namespace=&lt;path&gt;
 565 </dt>
 566 <dd>
 567 <p>
 568         Set the git namespace.  See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
 569         details.  Equivalent to setting the <tt>GIT_NAMESPACE</tt> environment
 570         variable.
 571 </p>
 572 </dd>
 573 <dt class="hdlist1">
 574 --bare
 575 </dt>
 576 <dd>
 577 <p>
 578         Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 579         environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 580         directory.
 581 </p>
 582 </dd>
 583 <dt class="hdlist1">
 584 --no-replace-objects
 585 </dt>
 586 <dd>
 587 <p>
 588         Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
 589         <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
 590 </p>
 591 </dd>
 592 </dl></div>
 593 </div>
 594 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
 595 <div class="sectionbody">
 596 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references above to get started using git.  The following is
 597 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.</p></div>
 598 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
 599 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
 600 introductions to the underlying git architecture.</p></div>
 601 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
 602 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
 603 examples.</p></div>
 604 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
 605 <a href="technical/api-index.html">GIT API documentation</a>.</p></div>
 606 </div>
 607 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
 608 <div class="sectionbody">
 609 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 610 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
 611 </div>
 612 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
 613 <div class="sectionbody">
 614 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 615 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
 616 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
 617 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 618 <dt class="hdlist1">
 619 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
 620 </dt>
 621 <dd>
 622 <p>
 623         Add file contents to the index.
 624 </p>
 625 </dd>
 626 <dt class="hdlist1">
 627 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
 628 </dt>
 629 <dd>
 630 <p>
 631         Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
 632 </p>
 633 </dd>
 634 <dt class="hdlist1">
 635 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
 636 </dt>
 637 <dd>
 638 <p>
 639         Create an archive of files from a named tree.
 640 </p>
 641 </dd>
 642 <dt class="hdlist1">
 643 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
 644 </dt>
 645 <dd>
 646 <p>
 647         Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug.
 648 </p>
 649 </dd>
 650 <dt class="hdlist1">
 651 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
 652 </dt>
 653 <dd>
 654 <p>
 655         List, create, or delete branches.
 656 </p>
 657 </dd>
 658 <dt class="hdlist1">
 659 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
 660 </dt>
 661 <dd>
 662 <p>
 663         Move objects and refs by archive.
 664 </p>
 665 </dd>
 666 <dt class="hdlist1">
 667 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
 668 </dt>
 669 <dd>
 670 <p>
 671         Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.
 672 </p>
 673 </dd>
 674 <dt class="hdlist1">
 675 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
 676 </dt>
 677 <dd>
 678 <p>
 679         Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
 680 </p>
 681 </dd>
 682 <dt class="hdlist1">
 683 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
 684 </dt>
 685 <dd>
 686 <p>
 687         Graphical alternative to git-commit.
 688 </p>
 689 </dd>
 690 <dt class="hdlist1">
 691 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
 692 </dt>
 693 <dd>
 694 <p>
 695         Remove untracked files from the working tree.
 696 </p>
 697 </dd>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1">
 699 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
 700 </dt>
 701 <dd>
 702 <p>
 703         Clone a repository into a new directory.
 704 </p>
 705 </dd>
 706 <dt class="hdlist1">
 707 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
 708 </dt>
 709 <dd>
 710 <p>
 711         Record changes to the repository.
 712 </p>
 713 </dd>
 714 <dt class="hdlist1">
 715 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
 716 </dt>
 717 <dd>
 718 <p>
 719         Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
 720 </p>
 721 </dd>
 722 <dt class="hdlist1">
 723 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
 724 </dt>
 725 <dd>
 726 <p>
 727         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
 728 </p>
 729 </dd>
 730 <dt class="hdlist1">
 731 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
 732 </dt>
 733 <dd>
 734 <p>
 735         Download objects and refs from another repository.
 736 </p>
 737 </dd>
 738 <dt class="hdlist1">
 739 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
 740 </dt>
 741 <dd>
 742 <p>
 743         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
 744 </p>
 745 </dd>
 746 <dt class="hdlist1">
 747 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
 748 </dt>
 749 <dd>
 750 <p>
 751         Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
 752 </p>
 753 </dd>
 754 <dt class="hdlist1">
 755 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
 756 </dt>
 757 <dd>
 758 <p>
 759         Print lines matching a pattern.
 760 </p>
 761 </dd>
 762 <dt class="hdlist1">
 763 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
 764 </dt>
 765 <dd>
 766 <p>
 767         A portable graphical interface to Git.
 768 </p>
 769 </dd>
 770 <dt class="hdlist1">
 771 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
 772 </dt>
 773 <dd>
 774 <p>
 775         Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
 776 </p>
 777 </dd>
 778 <dt class="hdlist1">
 779 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
 780 </dt>
 781 <dd>
 782 <p>
 783         Show commit logs.
 784 </p>
 785 </dd>
 786 <dt class="hdlist1">
 787 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
 788 </dt>
 789 <dd>
 790 <p>
 791         Join two or more development histories together.
 792 </p>
 793 </dd>
 794 <dt class="hdlist1">
 795 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
 796 </dt>
 797 <dd>
 798 <p>
 799         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
 800 </p>
 801 </dd>
 802 <dt class="hdlist1">
 803 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
 804 </dt>
 805 <dd>
 806 <p>
 807         Add or inspect object notes.
 808 </p>
 809 </dd>
 810 <dt class="hdlist1">
 811 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
 812 </dt>
 813 <dd>
 814 <p>
 815         Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch.
 816 </p>
 817 </dd>
 818 <dt class="hdlist1">
 819 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
 820 </dt>
 821 <dd>
 822 <p>
 823         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
 824 </p>
 825 </dd>
 826 <dt class="hdlist1">
 827 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
 828 </dt>
 829 <dd>
 830 <p>
 831         Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head.
 832 </p>
 833 </dd>
 834 <dt class="hdlist1">
 835 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
 836 </dt>
 837 <dd>
 838 <p>
 839         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
 840 </p>
 841 </dd>
 842 <dt class="hdlist1">
 843 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
 844 </dt>
 845 <dd>
 846 <p>
 847         Revert some existing commits.
 848 </p>
 849 </dd>
 850 <dt class="hdlist1">
 851 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
 852 </dt>
 853 <dd>
 854 <p>
 855         Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
 856 </p>
 857 </dd>
 858 <dt class="hdlist1">
 859 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
 860 </dt>
 861 <dd>
 862 <p>
 863         Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
 864 </p>
 865 </dd>
 866 <dt class="hdlist1">
 867 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
 868 </dt>
 869 <dd>
 870 <p>
 871         Show various types of objects.
 872 </p>
 873 </dd>
 874 <dt class="hdlist1">
 875 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
 876 </dt>
 877 <dd>
 878 <p>
 879         Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
 880 </p>
 881 </dd>
 882 <dt class="hdlist1">
 883 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
 884 </dt>
 885 <dd>
 886 <p>
 887         Show the working tree status.
 888 </p>
 889 </dd>
 890 <dt class="hdlist1">
 891 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
 892 </dt>
 893 <dd>
 894 <p>
 895         Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
 896 </p>
 897 </dd>
 898 <dt class="hdlist1">
 899 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
 900 </dt>
 901 <dd>
 902 <p>
 903         Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
 904 </p>
 905 </dd>
 906 <dt class="hdlist1">
 907 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
 908 </dt>
 909 <dd>
 910 <p>
 911         The git repository browser.
 912 </p>
 913 </dd>
 914 </dl></div>
 915 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
 916 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
 917 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 918 <dt class="hdlist1">
 919 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
 920 </dt>
 921 <dd>
 922 <p>
 923         Get and set repository or global options.
 924 </p>
 925 </dd>
 926 <dt class="hdlist1">
 927 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
 928 </dt>
 929 <dd>
 930 <p>
 931         Git data exporter.
 932 </p>
 933 </dd>
 934 <dt class="hdlist1">
 935 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
 936 </dt>
 937 <dd>
 938 <p>
 939         Backend for fast Git data importers.
 940 </p>
 941 </dd>
 942 <dt class="hdlist1">
 943 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
 944 </dt>
 945 <dd>
 946 <p>
 947         Rewrite branches.
 948 </p>
 949 </dd>
 950 <dt class="hdlist1">
 951 <a href="git-lost-found.html">git-lost-found(1)</a>
 952 </dt>
 953 <dd>
 954 <p>
 955         (deprecated) Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
 956 </p>
 957 </dd>
 958 <dt class="hdlist1">
 959 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
 960 </dt>
 961 <dd>
 962 <p>
 963         Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
 964 </p>
 965 </dd>
 966 <dt class="hdlist1">
 967 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
 968 </dt>
 969 <dd>
 970 <p>
 971         Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
 972 </p>
 973 </dd>
 974 <dt class="hdlist1">
 975 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
 976 </dt>
 977 <dd>
 978 <p>
 979         Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
 980 </p>
 981 </dd>
 982 <dt class="hdlist1">
 983 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
 984 </dt>
 985 <dd>
 986 <p>
 987         Manage reflog information.
 988 </p>
 989 </dd>
 990 <dt class="hdlist1">
 991 <a href="git-relink.html">git-relink(1)</a>
 992 </dt>
 993 <dd>
 994 <p>
 995         Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
 996 </p>
 997 </dd>
 998 <dt class="hdlist1">
 999 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
1000 </dt>
1001 <dd>
1002 <p>
1003         manage set of tracked repositories.
1004 </p>
1005 </dd>
1006 <dt class="hdlist1">
1007 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
1008 </dt>
1009 <dd>
1010 <p>
1011         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1012 </p>
1013 </dd>
1014 <dt class="hdlist1">
1015 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1016 </dt>
1017 <dd>
1018 <p>
1019         Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1020 </p>
1021 </dd>
1022 <dt class="hdlist1">
1023 <a href="git-repo-config.html">git-repo-config(1)</a>
1024 </dt>
1025 <dd>
1026 <p>
1027         (deprecated) Get and set repository or global options.
1028 </p>
1029 </dd>
1030 </dl></div>
1031 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1032 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1033 <dt class="hdlist1">
1034 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1035 </dt>
1036 <dd>
1037 <p>
1038         Annotate file lines with commit information.
1039 </p>
1040 </dd>
1041 <dt class="hdlist1">
1042 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1043 </dt>
1044 <dd>
1045 <p>
1046         Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1047 </p>
1048 </dd>
1049 <dt class="hdlist1">
1050 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
1051 </dt>
1052 <dd>
1053 <p>
1054         Find commits not merged upstream.
1055 </p>
1056 </dd>
1057 <dt class="hdlist1">
1058 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1059 </dt>
1060 <dd>
1061 <p>
1062         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1063 </p>
1064 </dd>
1065 <dt class="hdlist1">
1066 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1067 </dt>
1068 <dd>
1069 <p>
1070         Show changes using common diff tools.
1071 </p>
1072 </dd>
1073 <dt class="hdlist1">
1074 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1075 </dt>
1076 <dd>
1077 <p>
1078         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1079 </p>
1080 </dd>
1081 <dt class="hdlist1">
1082 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
1083 </dt>
1084 <dd>
1085 <p>
1086         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
1087 </p>
1088 </dd>
1089 <dt class="hdlist1">
1090 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1091 </dt>
1092 <dd>
1093 <p>
1094         display help information about git.
1095 </p>
1096 </dd>
1097 <dt class="hdlist1">
1098 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1099 </dt>
1100 <dd>
1101 <p>
1102         Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1103 </p>
1104 </dd>
1105 <dt class="hdlist1">
1106 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1107 </dt>
1108 <dd>
1109 <p>
1110         Show three-way merge without touching index.
1111 </p>
1112 </dd>
1113 <dt class="hdlist1">
1114 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1115 </dt>
1116 <dd>
1117 <p>
1118         Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1119 </p>
1120 </dd>
1121 <dt class="hdlist1">
1122 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
1123 </dt>
1124 <dd>
1125 <p>
1126         Pick out and massage parameters.
1127 </p>
1128 </dd>
1129 <dt class="hdlist1">
1130 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1131 </dt>
1132 <dd>
1133 <p>
1134         Show branches and their commits.
1135 </p>
1136 </dd>
1137 <dt class="hdlist1">
1138 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1139 </dt>
1140 <dd>
1141 <p>
1142         Check the GPG signature of tags.
1143 </p>
1144 </dd>
1145 <dt class="hdlist1">
1146 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1147 </dt>
1148 <dd>
1149 <p>
1150         Show logs with difference each commit introduces.
1151 </p>
1152 </dd>
1153 </dl></div>
1154 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1155 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1156 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1157 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1158 <dt class="hdlist1">
1159 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1160 </dt>
1161 <dd>
1162 <p>
1163         Import an Arch repository into git.
1164 </p>
1165 </dd>
1166 <dt class="hdlist1">
1167 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1168 </dt>
1169 <dd>
1170 <p>
1171         Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1172 </p>
1173 </dd>
1174 <dt class="hdlist1">
1175 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1176 </dt>
1177 <dd>
1178 <p>
1179         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1180 </p>
1181 </dd>
1182 <dt class="hdlist1">
1183 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1184 </dt>
1185 <dd>
1186 <p>
1187         A CVS server emulator for git.
1188 </p>
1189 </dd>
1190 <dt class="hdlist1">
1191 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1192 </dt>
1193 <dd>
1194 <p>
1195         Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1196 </p>
1197 </dd>
1198 <dt class="hdlist1">
1199 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1200 </dt>
1201 <dd>
1202 <p>
1203         Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1204 </p>
1205 </dd>
1206 <dt class="hdlist1">
1207 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1208 </dt>
1209 <dd>
1210 <p>
1211         Generates a summary of pending changes.
1212 </p>
1213 </dd>
1214 <dt class="hdlist1">
1215 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1216 </dt>
1217 <dd>
1218 <p>
1219         Send a collection of patches as emails.
1220 </p>
1221 </dd>
1222 <dt class="hdlist1">
1223 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1224 </dt>
1225 <dd>
1226 <p>
1227         Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git.
1228 </p>
1229 </dd>
1230 </dl></div>
1231 </div>
1232 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1233 <div class="sectionbody">
1234 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although git includes its
1235 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1236 development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
1237 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1238 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1239 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1240 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1241 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1242 primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
1243 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1244 end user experience.</p></div>
1245 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1246 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1247 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1248 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1249 repositories.</p></div>
1250 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1251 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1252 <dt class="hdlist1">
1253 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1254 </dt>
1255 <dd>
1256 <p>
1257         Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1258 </p>
1259 </dd>
1260 <dt class="hdlist1">
1261 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1262 </dt>
1263 <dd>
1264 <p>
1265         Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1266 </p>
1267 </dd>
1268 <dt class="hdlist1">
1269 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1270 </dt>
1271 <dd>
1272 <p>
1273         Create a new commit object.
1274 </p>
1275 </dd>
1276 <dt class="hdlist1">
1277 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1278 </dt>
1279 <dd>
1280 <p>
1281         Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
1282 </p>
1283 </dd>
1284 <dt class="hdlist1">
1285 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1286 </dt>
1287 <dd>
1288 <p>
1289         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1290 </p>
1291 </dd>
1292 <dt class="hdlist1">
1293 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1294 </dt>
1295 <dd>
1296 <p>
1297         Run a three-way file merge.
1298 </p>
1299 </dd>
1300 <dt class="hdlist1">
1301 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1302 </dt>
1303 <dd>
1304 <p>
1305         Run a merge for files needing merging.
1306 </p>
1307 </dd>
1308 <dt class="hdlist1">
1309 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1310 </dt>
1311 <dd>
1312 <p>
1313         Creates a tag object.
1314 </p>
1315 </dd>
1316 <dt class="hdlist1">
1317 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1318 </dt>
1319 <dd>
1320 <p>
1321         Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1322 </p>
1323 </dd>
1324 <dt class="hdlist1">
1325 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1326 </dt>
1327 <dd>
1328 <p>
1329         Create a packed archive of objects.
1330 </p>
1331 </dd>
1332 <dt class="hdlist1">
1333 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1334 </dt>
1335 <dd>
1336 <p>
1337         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1338 </p>
1339 </dd>
1340 <dt class="hdlist1">
1341 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1342 </dt>
1343 <dd>
1344 <p>
1345         Reads tree information into the index.
1346 </p>
1347 </dd>
1348 <dt class="hdlist1">
1349 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1350 </dt>
1351 <dd>
1352 <p>
1353         Read and modify symbolic refs.
1354 </p>
1355 </dd>
1356 <dt class="hdlist1">
1357 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1358 </dt>
1359 <dd>
1360 <p>
1361         Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1362 </p>
1363 </dd>
1364 <dt class="hdlist1">
1365 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1366 </dt>
1367 <dd>
1368 <p>
1369         Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1370 </p>
1371 </dd>
1372 <dt class="hdlist1">
1373 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1374 </dt>
1375 <dd>
1376 <p>
1377         Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1378 </p>
1379 </dd>
1380 <dt class="hdlist1">
1381 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1382 </dt>
1383 <dd>
1384 <p>
1385         Create a tree object from the current index.
1386 </p>
1387 </dd>
1388 </dl></div>
1389 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1390 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1391 <dt class="hdlist1">
1392 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1393 </dt>
1394 <dd>
1395 <p>
1396         Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.
1397 </p>
1398 </dd>
1399 <dt class="hdlist1">
1400 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
1401 </dt>
1402 <dd>
1403 <p>
1404         Compares files in the working tree and the index.
1405 </p>
1406 </dd>
1407 <dt class="hdlist1">
1408 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
1409 </dt>
1410 <dd>
1411 <p>
1412         Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
1413 </p>
1414 </dd>
1415 <dt class="hdlist1">
1416 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
1417 </dt>
1418 <dd>
1419 <p>
1420         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
1421 </p>
1422 </dd>
1423 <dt class="hdlist1">
1424 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
1425 </dt>
1426 <dd>
1427 <p>
1428         Output information on each ref.
1429 </p>
1430 </dd>
1431 <dt class="hdlist1">
1432 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
1433 </dt>
1434 <dd>
1435 <p>
1436         Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
1437 </p>
1438 </dd>
1439 <dt class="hdlist1">
1440 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
1441 </dt>
1442 <dd>
1443 <p>
1444         List references in a remote repository.
1445 </p>
1446 </dd>
1447 <dt class="hdlist1">
1448 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
1449 </dt>
1450 <dd>
1451 <p>
1452         List the contents of a tree object.
1453 </p>
1454 </dd>
1455 <dt class="hdlist1">
1456 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
1457 </dt>
1458 <dd>
1459 <p>
1460         Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
1461 </p>
1462 </dd>
1463 <dt class="hdlist1">
1464 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
1465 </dt>
1466 <dd>
1467 <p>
1468         Find symbolic names for given revs.
1469 </p>
1470 </dd>
1471 <dt class="hdlist1">
1472 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
1473 </dt>
1474 <dd>
1475 <p>
1476         Find redundant pack files.
1477 </p>
1478 </dd>
1479 <dt class="hdlist1">
1480 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
1481 </dt>
1482 <dd>
1483 <p>
1484         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
1485 </p>
1486 </dd>
1487 <dt class="hdlist1">
1488 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
1489 </dt>
1490 <dd>
1491 <p>
1492         Show packed archive index.
1493 </p>
1494 </dd>
1495 <dt class="hdlist1">
1496 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
1497 </dt>
1498 <dd>
1499 <p>
1500         List references in a local repository.
1501 </p>
1502 </dd>
1503 <dt class="hdlist1">
1504 <a href="git-tar-tree.html">git-tar-tree(1)</a>
1505 </dt>
1506 <dd>
1507 <p>
1508         (deprecated) Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
1509 </p>
1510 </dd>
1511 <dt class="hdlist1">
1512 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
1513 </dt>
1514 <dd>
1515 <p>
1516         Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
1517 </p>
1518 </dd>
1519 <dt class="hdlist1">
1520 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
1521 </dt>
1522 <dd>
1523 <p>
1524         Show a git logical variable.
1525 </p>
1526 </dd>
1527 <dt class="hdlist1">
1528 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
1529 </dt>
1530 <dd>
1531 <p>
1532         Validate packed git archive files.
1533 </p>
1534 </dd>
1535 </dl></div>
1536 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
1537 the working tree.</p></div>
1538 <h3 id="_synching_repositories">Synching repositories</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1539 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1540 <dt class="hdlist1">
1541 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
1542 </dt>
1543 <dd>
1544 <p>
1545         A really simple server for git repositories.
1546 </p>
1547 </dd>
1548 <dt class="hdlist1">
1549 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
1550 </dt>
1551 <dd>
1552 <p>
1553         Receive missing objects from another repository.
1554 </p>
1555 </dd>
1556 <dt class="hdlist1">
1557 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
1558 </dt>
1559 <dd>
1560 <p>
1561         Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
1562 </p>
1563 </dd>
1564 <dt class="hdlist1">
1565 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
1566 </dt>
1567 <dd>
1568 <p>
1569         Push objects over git protocol to another repository.
1570 </p>
1571 </dd>
1572 <dt class="hdlist1">
1573 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
1574 </dt>
1575 <dd>
1576 <p>
1577         Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
1578 </p>
1579 </dd>
1580 </dl></div>
1581 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
1582 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1583 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1584 <dt class="hdlist1">
1585 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
1586 </dt>
1587 <dd>
1588 <p>
1589         Download from a remote git repository via HTTP.
1590 </p>
1591 </dd>
1592 <dt class="hdlist1">
1593 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
1594 </dt>
1595 <dd>
1596 <p>
1597         Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
1598 </p>
1599 </dd>
1600 <dt class="hdlist1">
1601 <a href="git-parse-remote.html">git-parse-remote(1)</a>
1602 </dt>
1603 <dd>
1604 <p>
1605         Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters.
1606 </p>
1607 </dd>
1608 <dt class="hdlist1">
1609 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
1610 </dt>
1611 <dd>
1612 <p>
1613         Receive what is pushed into the repository.
1614 </p>
1615 </dd>
1616 <dt class="hdlist1">
1617 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
1618 </dt>
1619 <dd>
1620 <p>
1621         Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
1622 </p>
1623 </dd>
1624 <dt class="hdlist1">
1625 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
1626 </dt>
1627 <dd>
1628 <p>
1629         Send archive back to git-archive.
1630 </p>
1631 </dd>
1632 <dt class="hdlist1">
1633 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
1634 </dt>
1635 <dd>
1636 <p>
1637         Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
1638 </p>
1639 </dd>
1640 </dl></div>
1641 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1642 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
1643 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1644 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1645 <dt class="hdlist1">
1646 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
1647 </dt>
1648 <dd>
1649 <p>
1650         Display gitattributes information.
1651 </p>
1652 </dd>
1653 <dt class="hdlist1">
1654 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
1655 </dt>
1656 <dd>
1657 <p>
1658         Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
1659 </p>
1660 </dd>
1661 <dt class="hdlist1">
1662 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
1663 </dt>
1664 <dd>
1665 <p>
1666         Produce a merge commit message.
1667 </p>
1668 </dd>
1669 <dt class="hdlist1">
1670 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
1671 </dt>
1672 <dd>
1673 <p>
1674         Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
1675 </p>
1676 </dd>
1677 <dt class="hdlist1">
1678 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
1679 </dt>
1680 <dd>
1681 <p>
1682         Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
1683 </p>
1684 </dd>
1685 <dt class="hdlist1">
1686 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
1687 </dt>
1688 <dd>
1689 <p>
1690         The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
1691 </p>
1692 </dd>
1693 <dt class="hdlist1">
1694 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
1695 </dt>
1696 <dd>
1697 <p>
1698         Compute unique ID for a patch.
1699 </p>
1700 </dd>
1701 <dt class="hdlist1">
1702 <a href="git-peek-remote.html">git-peek-remote(1)</a>
1703 </dt>
1704 <dd>
1705 <p>
1706         (deprecated) List the references in a remote repository.
1707 </p>
1708 </dd>
1709 <dt class="hdlist1">
1710 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
1711 </dt>
1712 <dd>
1713 <p>
1714         Common git shell script setup code.
1715 </p>
1716 </dd>
1717 <dt class="hdlist1">
1718 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
1719 </dt>
1720 <dd>
1721 <p>
1722         Filter out empty lines.
1723 </p>
1724 </dd>
1725 </dl></div>
1726 </div>
1727 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
1728 <div class="sectionbody">
1729 <div class="paragraph"><p>Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), <tt>.git/config</tt> file
1730 is used to hold per-repository configuration options.  It is a
1731 simple text file modeled after <tt>.ini</tt> format familiar to some
1732 people.  Here is an example:</p></div>
1733 <div class="listingblock">
1734 <div class="content">
1735 <pre><tt>#
1736 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
1737 #
1738
1739 ; core variables
1740 [core]
1741         ; Don't trust file modes
1742         filemode = false
1743
1744 ; user identity
1745 [user]
1746         name = "Junio C Hamano"
1747         email = "junkio@twinsun.com"</tt></pre>
1748 </div></div>
1749 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
1750 their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
1751 list.</p></div>
1752 </div>
1753 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
1754 <div class="sectionbody">
1755 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1756 <dt class="hdlist1">
1757 &lt;object&gt;
1758 </dt>
1759 <dd>
1760 <p>
1761         Indicates the object name for any type of object.
1762 </p>
1763 </dd>
1764 <dt class="hdlist1">
1765 &lt;blob&gt;
1766 </dt>
1767 <dd>
1768 <p>
1769         Indicates a blob object name.
1770 </p>
1771 </dd>
1772 <dt class="hdlist1">
1773 &lt;tree&gt;
1774 </dt>
1775 <dd>
1776 <p>
1777         Indicates a tree object name.
1778 </p>
1779 </dd>
1780 <dt class="hdlist1">
1781 &lt;commit&gt;
1782 </dt>
1783 <dd>
1784 <p>
1785         Indicates a commit object name.
1786 </p>
1787 </dd>
1788 <dt class="hdlist1">
1789 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
1790 </dt>
1791 <dd>
1792 <p>
1793         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
1794         command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1795         operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1796         &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
1797 </p>
1798 </dd>
1799 <dt class="hdlist1">
1800 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
1801 </dt>
1802 <dd>
1803 <p>
1804         Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
1805         command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1806         operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1807         &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
1808 </p>
1809 </dd>
1810 <dt class="hdlist1">
1811 &lt;type&gt;
1812 </dt>
1813 <dd>
1814 <p>
1815         Indicates that an object type is required.
1816         Currently one of: <tt>blob</tt>, <tt>tree</tt>, <tt>commit</tt>, or <tt>tag</tt>.
1817 </p>
1818 </dd>
1819 <dt class="hdlist1">
1820 &lt;file&gt;
1821 </dt>
1822 <dd>
1823 <p>
1824         Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
1825         root of the tree structure <tt>GIT_INDEX_FILE</tt> describes.
1826 </p>
1827 </dd>
1828 </dl></div>
1829 </div>
1830 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
1831 <div class="sectionbody">
1832 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
1833 symbolic notation:</p></div>
1834 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1835 <dt class="hdlist1">
1836 HEAD
1837 </dt>
1838 <dd>
1839 <p>
1840         indicates the head of the current branch.
1841 </p>
1842 </dd>
1843 <dt class="hdlist1">
1844 &lt;tag&gt;
1845 </dt>
1846 <dd>
1847 <p>
1848         a valid tag <em>name</em>
1849         (i.e. a <tt>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</tt> reference).
1850 </p>
1851 </dd>
1852 <dt class="hdlist1">
1853 &lt;head&gt;
1854 </dt>
1855 <dd>
1856 <p>
1857         a valid head <em>name</em>
1858         (i.e. a <tt>refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</tt> reference).
1859 </p>
1860 </dd>
1861 </dl></div>
1862 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
1863 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
1864 </div>
1865 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
1866 <div class="sectionbody">
1867 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
1868 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
1869 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
1870 <tt>$GIT_DIR</tt>.</p></div>
1871 </div>
1872 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
1873 <div class="sectionbody">
1874 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
1875 </div>
1876 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
1877 <div class="sectionbody">
1878 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various git commands use the following environment variables:</p></div>
1879 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The git Repository</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1880 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core git commands. Nb: it
1881 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
1882 git so take care if using Cogito etc.</p></div>
1883 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1884 <dt class="hdlist1">
1885 <em>GIT_INDEX_FILE</em>
1886 </dt>
1887 <dd>
1888 <p>
1889         This environment allows the specification of an alternate
1890         index file. If not specified, the default of <tt>$GIT_DIR/index</tt>
1891         is used.
1892 </p>
1893 </dd>
1894 <dt class="hdlist1">
1895 <em>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</em>
1896 </dt>
1897 <dd>
1898 <p>
1899         If the object storage directory is specified via this
1900         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
1901         underneath - otherwise the default <tt>$GIT_DIR/objects</tt>
1902         directory is used.
1903 </p>
1904 </dd>
1905 <dt class="hdlist1">
1906 <em>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</em>
1907 </dt>
1908 <dd>
1909 <p>
1910         Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
1911         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
1912         specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
1913         of git object directories which can be used to search for git
1914         objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
1915 </p>
1916 </dd>
1917 <dt class="hdlist1">
1918 <em>GIT_DIR</em>
1919 </dt>
1920 <dd>
1921 <p>
1922         If the <em>GIT_DIR</em> environment variable is set then it
1923         specifies a path to use instead of the default <tt>.git</tt>
1924         for the base of the repository.
1925 </p>
1926 </dd>
1927 <dt class="hdlist1">
1928 <em>GIT_WORK_TREE</em>
1929 </dt>
1930 <dd>
1931 <p>
1932         Set the path to the working tree.  The value will not be
1933         used in combination with repositories found automatically in
1934         a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
1935         This can also be controlled by the <em>--work-tree</em> command line
1936         option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
1937 </p>
1938 </dd>
1939 <dt class="hdlist1">
1940 <em>GIT_NAMESPACE</em>
1941 </dt>
1942 <dd>
1943 <p>
1944         Set the git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
1945         The <em>--namespace</em> command-line option also sets this value.
1946 </p>
1947 </dd>
1948 <dt class="hdlist1">
1949 <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>
1950 </dt>
1951 <dd>
1952 <p>
1953         This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
1954         If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
1955         up into while looking for a repository directory.
1956         It will not exclude the current working directory or
1957         a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
1958         (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
1959 </p>
1960 </dd>
1961 <dt class="hdlist1">
1962 <em>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</em>
1963 </dt>
1964 <dd>
1965 <p>
1966         When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
1967         directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
1968         directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
1969         does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
1970         can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
1971         boundaries.  Like <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>, this will not affect
1972         an explicit repository directory set via <em>GIT_DIR</em> or on the
1973         command line.
1974 </p>
1975 </dd>
1976 </dl></div>
1977 <h3 id="_git_commits">git Commits</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1978 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1979 <dt class="hdlist1">
1980 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</em>
1981 </dt>
1982 <dt class="hdlist1">
1983 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</em>
1984 </dt>
1985 <dt class="hdlist1">
1986 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</em>
1987 </dt>
1988 <dt class="hdlist1">
1989 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</em>
1990 </dt>
1991 <dt class="hdlist1">
1992 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</em>
1993 </dt>
1994 <dt class="hdlist1">
1995 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</em>
1996 </dt>
1997 <dt class="hdlist1">
1998 <em>EMAIL</em>
1999 </dt>
2000 <dd>
2001 <p>
2002         see <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
2003 </p>
2004 </dd>
2005 </dl></div>
2006 <h3 id="_git_diffs">git Diffs</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2007 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2008 <dt class="hdlist1">
2009 <em>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</em>
2010 </dt>
2011 <dd>
2012 <p>
2013         Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
2014         number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
2015         This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
2016         value passed on the git diff command line.
2017 </p>
2018 </dd>
2019 <dt class="hdlist1">
2020 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em>
2021 </dt>
2022 <dd>
2023 <p>
2024         When the environment variable <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is set, the
2025         program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
2026         described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
2027         <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 7 parameters:
2028 </p>
2029 <div class="literalblock">
2030 <div class="content">
2031 <pre><tt>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</tt></pre>
2032 </div></div>
2033 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
2034 </dd>
2035 <dt class="hdlist1">
2036 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
2037 </dt>
2038 <dd>
2039 <p>
2040 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
2041                          contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
2042 </p>
2043 </dd>
2044 <dt class="hdlist1">
2045 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
2046 </dt>
2047 <dd>
2048 <p>
2049 are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
2050 </p>
2051 </dd>
2052 <dt class="hdlist1">
2053 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
2054 </dt>
2055 <dd>
2056 <p>
2057 are the octal representation of the file modes.
2058 </p>
2059 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
2060 (e.g. <tt>new-file</tt> in "git-diff-files"), <tt>/dev/null</tt> (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt>
2061 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt> in the
2062 index).  <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> should not worry about unlinking the
2063 temporary file --- it is removed when <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> exits.</p></div>
2064 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 1
2065 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
2066 </dd>
2067 </dl></div>
2068 <h3 id="_other">other</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2069 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2070 <dt class="hdlist1">
2071 <em>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</em>
2072 </dt>
2073 <dd>
2074 <p>
2075         A number controlling the amount of output shown by
2076         the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
2077         See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
2078 </p>
2079 </dd>
2080 <dt class="hdlist1">
2081 <em>GIT_PAGER</em>
2082 </dt>
2083 <dd>
2084 <p>
2085         This environment variable overrides <tt>$PAGER</tt>. If it is set
2086         to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
2087         a pager.  See also the <tt>core.pager</tt> option in
2088         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2089 </p>
2090 </dd>
2091 <dt class="hdlist1">
2092 <em>GIT_SSH</em>
2093 </dt>
2094 <dd>
2095 <p>
2096         If this environment variable is set then <em>git fetch</em>
2097         and <em>git push</em> will use this command instead
2098         of <em>ssh</em> when they need to connect to a remote system.
2099         The <em>$GIT_SSH</em> command will be given exactly two arguments:
2100         the <em>username@host</em> (or just <em>host</em>) from the URL and the
2101         shell command to execute on that remote system.
2102 </p>
2103 <div class="paragraph"><p>To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
2104 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
2105 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.</p></div>
2106 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
2107 personal <tt>.ssh/config</tt> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
2108 for further details.</p></div>
2109 </dd>
2110 <dt class="hdlist1">
2111 <em>GIT_ASKPASS</em>
2112 </dt>
2113 <dd>
2114 <p>
2115         If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
2116         acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
2117         will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
2118         and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <em>core.askpass</em>
2119         option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2120 </p>
2121 </dd>
2122 <dt class="hdlist1">
2123 <em>GIT_FLUSH</em>
2124 </dt>
2125 <dd>
2126 <p>
2127         If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
2128         as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
2129         and <em>git whatchanged</em> will force a flush of the output stream
2130         after each commit-oriented record have been flushed.   If this
2131         variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
2132         using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
2133         not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
2134         based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
2135 </p>
2136 </dd>
2137 <dt class="hdlist1">
2138 <em>GIT_TRACE</em>
2139 </dt>
2140 <dd>
2141 <p>
2142         If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
2143         is case insensitive), git will print <tt>trace:</tt> messages on
2144         stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
2145         execution and external command execution.
2146         If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
2147         and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
2148         value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
2149         trace messages into this file descriptor.
2150         Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
2151         (starting with a <em>/</em> character), git will interpret this
2152         as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
2153         into it.
2154 </p>
2155 </dd>
2156 </dl></div>
2157 </div>
2158 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
2159 <div class="sectionbody">
2160 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
2161 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
2162 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
2163 <div class="paragraph"><p>A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
2164 subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
2165 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
2166 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
2167 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
2168 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
2169 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
2170 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
2171 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
2172 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
2173 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
2174 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
2175 represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
2176 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
2177 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
2178 written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
2179 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
2180 just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
2181 purpose.</p></div>
2182 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
2183 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
2184 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
2185 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
2186 with names beginning <tt>ref/head/</tt> contain the SHA1 name of the most
2187 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA1 names of
2188 tags of interest are stored under <tt>ref/tags/</tt>.  A special ref named
2189 <tt>HEAD</tt> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
2190 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
2191 path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
2192 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
2193 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
2194 corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
2195 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
2196 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
2197 content stored in the index.</p></div>
2198 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
2199 for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
2200 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
2201 </div>
2202 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
2203 <div class="sectionbody">
2204 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
2205 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
2206 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;. For a more complete list of contributors, see
2207 <a href="http://git-scm.com/about">http://git-scm.com/about</a>. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
2208 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
2209 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
2210 </div>
2211 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
2212 <div class="sectionbody">
2213 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
2214 development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
2215 subscribed to the list to send a message there.</p></div>
2216 </div>
2217 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
2218 <div class="sectionbody">
2219 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
2220 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
2221 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
2222 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
2223 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
2224 </div>
2225 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2226 <div class="sectionbody">
2227 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2228 </div>
2229 <div id="footer">
2230 <div id="footer-text">
2231 Last updated 2011-08-18 06:09:29 UTC
2232 </div>
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