6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
49 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
55 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
67 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
77 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
89 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
100 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
112 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
123 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
132 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
142 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
152 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
162 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
171 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
185 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
193 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
207 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
217 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
232 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
234 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
242 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
253 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
264 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
275 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
287 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
300 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
310 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
321 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
332 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
333 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
334 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
335 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
344 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
347 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
348 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
349 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
350 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
352 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
353 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
354 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
358 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
359 given will override values from configuration files.
360 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
361 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
363 --exec-path[=<path>]::
364 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
365 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
366 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
367 the current setting and then exit.
370 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
371 documentation is installed and exit.
374 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
375 this version of git and exit.
378 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
379 version of git are installed and exit.
383 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
384 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
385 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
389 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
392 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
393 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
394 path or relative path to current working directory.
397 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
398 or a path relative to the current working directory.
399 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
400 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
401 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
402 more detailed discussion).
405 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
406 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
410 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
411 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
414 --no-replace-objects::
415 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
416 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
422 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
423 ("plumbing") commands.
425 High-level commands (porcelain)
426 -------------------------------
428 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
429 ancillary user utilities.
431 Main porcelain commands
432 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
434 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
440 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
444 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
447 Interacting with Others
448 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
450 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
451 people via patch over e-mail.
453 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
456 Low-level commands (plumbing)
457 -----------------------------
459 Although git includes its
460 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
461 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
462 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
463 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
465 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
466 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
467 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
468 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
469 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
472 The following description divides
473 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
474 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
475 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
479 Manipulation commands
480 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
482 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
485 Interrogation commands
486 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
488 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
490 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
494 Synching repositories
495 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
497 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
499 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
500 typically do not use them directly.
502 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
505 Internal helper commands
506 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
508 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
509 users typically do not use them directly.
511 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
514 Configuration Mechanism
515 -----------------------
517 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
518 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
519 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
520 people. Here is an example:
524 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
529 ; Don't trust file modes
534 name = "Junio C Hamano"
535 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
539 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
540 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
544 Identifier Terminology
545 ----------------------
547 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
550 Indicates a blob object name.
553 Indicates a tree object name.
556 Indicates a commit object name.
559 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
560 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
561 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
562 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
565 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
566 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
567 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
568 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
571 Indicates that an object type is required.
572 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
575 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
576 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
580 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
584 indicates the head of the current branch.
588 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
592 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
594 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
595 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
598 File/Directory Structure
599 ------------------------
601 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
603 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
605 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
611 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
614 Environment Variables
615 ---------------------
616 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
620 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
621 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
622 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
625 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
626 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
629 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
630 If the object storage directory is specified via this
631 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
632 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
635 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
636 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
637 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
638 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
639 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
640 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
643 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
644 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
645 for the base of the repository.
648 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
649 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
650 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
651 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
652 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
655 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
656 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
658 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
659 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
660 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
661 up into while looking for a repository directory.
662 It will not exclude the current working directory or
663 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
664 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
666 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
667 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
668 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
669 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
670 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
671 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
672 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
673 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
681 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
682 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
683 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
685 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
690 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
691 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
692 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
693 value passed on the git diff command line.
695 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
696 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
697 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
698 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
699 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
701 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
705 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
706 contents of <old|new>,
707 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
708 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
710 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
711 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
712 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
713 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
714 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
716 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
721 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
722 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
723 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
724 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
727 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
728 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
729 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
730 linkgit:git-config[1].
733 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
734 It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
735 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
736 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
739 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
740 and 'git push' will use this command instead
741 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
742 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
743 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
744 shell command to execute on that remote system.
746 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
747 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
748 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
750 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
751 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
755 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
756 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
757 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
758 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
759 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
762 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
763 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
764 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
765 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
766 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
767 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
768 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
769 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
772 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
773 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
774 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
775 execution and external command execution.
776 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
777 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
778 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
779 trace messages into this file descriptor.
780 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
781 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
782 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
785 Discussion[[Discussion]]
786 ------------------------
788 More detail on the following is available from the
789 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
790 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
792 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
793 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
794 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
795 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
796 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
797 as tags and branch heads.
799 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
800 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
801 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
802 and some number of parent commits.
804 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
805 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
806 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
807 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
809 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
810 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
811 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
812 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
815 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
816 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
818 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
819 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
820 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
821 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
822 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
823 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
825 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
826 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
827 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
828 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
829 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
830 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
831 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
832 content stored in the index.
834 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
835 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
836 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
838 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
839 ---------------------
841 See the references in the "description" section to get started
842 using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
843 for a first-time user.
845 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
846 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
847 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
849 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
851 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
854 The internals are documented in the
855 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
857 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
858 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
863 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
864 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
865 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
866 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
867 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
868 the authors for specific parts of the project.
873 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
874 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
875 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
879 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
880 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
881 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
882 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
883 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
887 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite