6 git - the stupid content tracker
11 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
15 'git' is both a program and a directory content tracker system.
16 The program 'git' is just a wrapper to reach the core git programs
17 (or a potty if you like, as it's not exactly porcelain but still
18 brings your stuff to the plumbing).
23 prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
26 prints the synopsis and a list of available commands.
27 If a git command is named this option will bring up the
28 man-page for that command.
31 path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
32 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
33 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
34 the current setting and then exit.
38 Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
39 at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
41 The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
42 clarification info - read that first. And of the commands, I suggest
43 reading gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
44 gitlink:git-read-tree[1] first - I wish I had!
46 If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
47 document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
49 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
50 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
51 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
54 David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>
57 Updated by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> on 2005-05-05 to
58 reflect recent changes.
62 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
63 the repository, the index and the working fileset, those that
64 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
65 references between repositories.
67 In addition, git itself comes with a spartan set of porcelain
68 commands. They are usable but are not meant to compete with real
71 There are also some ancillary programs that can be viewed as useful
72 aids for using the core commands but which are unlikely to be used by
73 SCMs layered over git.
77 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
78 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
79 applies it to the working tree.
81 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
82 Copy files from the index to the working directory
84 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
85 Creates a new commit object
87 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
88 Computes the object ID from a file.
90 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
91 Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
93 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
94 Creates an empty git object database
96 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
97 Runs a merge for files needing merging
99 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
102 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
103 Creates a packed archive of objects.
105 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
106 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
108 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
109 Reads tree information into the directory index
111 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
112 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
114 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
115 Modifies the index or directory cache
117 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
118 Creates a tree from the current index
121 Interrogation commands
122 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
124 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
125 Provide content or type information for repository objects
127 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
128 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository
130 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
131 Compares files in the working tree and the index
133 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
134 Compares two "merge stages" in the index file.
136 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
137 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
139 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
140 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
142 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
143 Information about files in the index/working directory
145 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
146 Displays a tree object in human readable form
148 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
149 Finds as good a common ancestor as possible for a merge
151 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
152 Find symbolic names for given revs
154 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
155 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
157 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
158 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
160 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
161 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree
163 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
164 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents
167 Displays a git logical variable
169 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
170 Validates packed git archive files
172 The interrogate commands may create files - and you can force them to
173 touch the working file set - but in general they don't
176 Synching repositories
177 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
179 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
180 Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
181 for ssh and local transport)
183 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
184 Updates from a remote repository.
186 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
187 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP
189 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
190 Duplicates another git repository on a local system
192 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
193 Lists references on a remote repository using upload-pack protocol.
195 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
196 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
198 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
199 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
201 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
202 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
204 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
205 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection
207 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
208 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch
210 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
211 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
212 clients discover references and packs on it.
214 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
215 Invoked by 'git-clone-pack' and 'git-fetch-pack' to push
219 Porcelain-ish Commands
220 ----------------------
223 Add paths to the index file.
226 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
228 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
229 Apply patches from a mailbox.
231 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
232 Find the change that introduced a bug.
234 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
235 Create and Show branches.
237 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
238 Checkout and switch to a branch.
240 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
241 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
243 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
244 Clones a repository into a new directory.
246 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
247 Record changes to the repository.
249 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
250 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
252 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
253 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
255 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
256 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
258 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
259 Print lines matching a pattern
264 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
265 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
267 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
268 Grand unified merge driver.
271 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
273 gitlink:git-octopus[1]::
274 Merge more than two commits.
276 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
277 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
279 gitlink:git-push[1]::
280 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
282 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
283 Rebase local commits to new upstream head.
285 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
286 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
288 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
289 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
291 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
294 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
295 Revert an existing commit.
297 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
298 Summarizes 'git log' output.
300 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
301 Show branches and their commits.
303 gitlink:git-status[1]::
304 Shows the working tree status.
306 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
307 Check the GPG signature of tag.
309 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
310 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
317 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
318 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
320 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
321 Import an arch repository into git.
323 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
324 Converts old-style git repository
326 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
327 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
329 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
330 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
332 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
333 The standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index"
335 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
336 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
338 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
339 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
341 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
342 Import a SVN repository into git.
344 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
345 Common git shell script setup code.
347 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
348 Read and modify symbolic refs
351 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG
353 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
354 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
359 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
360 Make sure ref name is well formed.
362 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
363 Find commits not merged upstream.
365 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
366 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
368 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
369 A really simple server for git repositories.
371 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
372 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
374 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
375 Extracts patch from a single e-mail message.
377 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
380 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
381 Compute unique ID for a patch.
383 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
384 Routines to help parsing $GIT_DIR/remotes/
386 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
389 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
390 Pick out and massage parameters.
392 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
393 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
395 gitlink:git-symbolic-refs[1]::
396 Read and modify symbolic refs.
398 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
399 Filter out empty lines.
402 Commands not yet documented
403 ---------------------------
409 Configuration Mechanism
410 -----------------------
412 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), .git/config file
413 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
414 simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
415 people. Here is an example:
419 # This is the config file, and
420 # a '#' or ';' character indicates
426 ; Don't trust file modes
431 name = "Junio C Hamano"
432 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
436 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
437 their operation accordingly.
440 Identifier Terminology
441 ----------------------
443 Indicates the sha1 identifier for any type of object
446 Indicates a blob object sha1 identifier
449 Indicates a tree object sha1 identifier
452 Indicates a commit object sha1 identifier
455 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object sha1 identifier. A
456 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
457 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
458 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
461 Indicates that an object type is required.
462 Currently one of: blob/tree/commit/tag
465 Indicates a filename - always relative to the root of
466 the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
470 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
474 indicates the head of the repository (ie the contents of
478 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`)
481 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`)
483 a valid snapshot 'name'+
484 (ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`)
487 File/Directory Structure
488 ------------------------
490 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
492 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
498 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
501 Environment Variables
502 ---------------------
503 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
507 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
508 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
509 git so take care if using Cogito etc
512 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
513 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
516 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
517 If the object storage directory is specified via this
518 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
519 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
522 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
523 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
524 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
525 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
526 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
527 written to these directories.
530 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies
531 a path to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the
539 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
540 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
541 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
546 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
547 see the "generating patches" section in :
548 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
549 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
550 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
552 Discussion[[Discussion]]
553 ------------------------
558 git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
559 The current git nurse is Junio C. Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
560 The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
561 General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
565 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
569 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite