6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [-v | --verbose] [-m | --merge]
12 [-s <strategy> | --strategy=<strategy>] [--no-verify]
13 [-C<n>] [ --whitespace=<option>] [-p | --preserve-merges]
14 [--onto <newbase>] <upstream> [<branch>]
15 'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
19 If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic
20 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
21 it remains on the current branch.
23 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
24 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
25 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`.
27 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
28 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
29 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set
30 to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.
32 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
33 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
34 any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
35 in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
36 with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).
38 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
39 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
40 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
41 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
42 original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the
43 command `git rebase --abort` instead.
45 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
53 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
57 git rebase master topic
67 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
68 followed by `git rebase master`.
70 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
71 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
72 will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the
73 following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
74 but have different committer information):
90 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
91 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
92 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
94 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
95 For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
96 functionality which is found in 'next'.
99 o---o---o---o---o master
101 o---o---o---o---o next
106 We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example,
107 because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the
108 more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this:
111 o---o---o---o---o master
115 o---o---o---o---o next
118 We can get this using the following command:
120 git rebase --onto master next topic
123 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
124 branch. If we have the following situation:
136 git rebase --onto master topicA topicB
148 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
150 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
151 the following situation:
154 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
159 git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA
161 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
164 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
167 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
168 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
169 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
171 In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
172 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate
173 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
174 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
175 typically this would be done with
181 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
182 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
185 git rebase --continue
188 Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with
196 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
197 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
198 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
199 existing branch name.
202 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
203 not just an existing branch name.
206 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
209 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
212 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
215 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
219 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
220 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
224 --strategy=<strategy>::
225 Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
226 once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
227 If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
228 is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single
229 head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge.
233 Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase.
236 This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
239 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
240 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
241 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
244 --whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>::
245 This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program
246 (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
250 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
251 user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to
252 split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below).
256 Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them.
258 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
263 You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a
264 repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
267 When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
268 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
269 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
270 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
272 Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
277 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
278 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
279 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
281 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
283 1. have a wonderful idea
285 3. prepare a series for submission
288 where point 2. consists of several instances of
291 1. finish something worthy of a commit
294 1. realize that something does not work
298 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
299 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
300 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
301 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
302 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
304 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
306 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
308 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
309 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
310 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
311 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
313 -------------------------------------------
314 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
315 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
317 -------------------------------------------
319 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will
320 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
321 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
323 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
324 'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
325 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
328 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
329 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
330 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
331 the author of the first commit.
333 In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
334 errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
335 the loop with `git rebase --continue`.
337 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
338 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
339 'git-rebase' like this:
341 ----------------------
342 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
343 ----------------------
345 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
347 You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
357 Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
358 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
360 -----------------------------
361 $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
362 -----------------------------
368 In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
369 this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this
370 edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
371 add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
373 - Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where
374 <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range
375 will do, as long as it contains that commit.
377 - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit".
379 - When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The
380 effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit.
381 However, the working tree stays the same.
383 - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
384 commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or
385 'git-gui' (or both) to do that.
387 - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
390 - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean.
392 - Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`.
394 If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
395 consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
396 'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
397 after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
400 RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
401 -------------------------------
403 Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have
404 based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to
405 manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix
406 from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be
407 to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place.
409 To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a
410 'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent
411 on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the
415 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
417 o---o---o---o---o subsystem
422 If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens:
425 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
427 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
432 If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic'
433 to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever:
436 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
438 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem
440 *---*---*-..........-*--* topic
443 Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up
444 history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to
445 transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e.,
446 rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from
447 'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on!
449 There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections:
451 Easy case: The changes are literally the same.::
453 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and
456 Hard case: The changes are not the same.::
458 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
459 `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the
460 upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
467 Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on
468 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase
471 In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip
472 changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say
473 (assuming you're on 'topic')
475 $ git rebase subsystem
477 you will end up with the fixed history
479 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
481 o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
490 Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly
491 correspond to the ones before the rebase.
493 NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful
494 even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For
495 example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase
496 \--interactive` will be **resurrected**!
498 The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
499 ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
500 between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit
501 of the old 'subsystem', for example:
503 * With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of
504 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will
505 increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].)
507 * Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three
508 commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`.
510 You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by
511 saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already):
513 $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1}
516 The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad:
517 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard
523 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and
524 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
528 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
532 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite