6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.11.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.5]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
54 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
57 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
64 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
67 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
79 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
90 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
102 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
113 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
122 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
132 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
142 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
152 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
161 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
175 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
180 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
181 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
183 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
186 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
190 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
197 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
207 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
224 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
232 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
243 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
251 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
252 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
254 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
263 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
265 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
273 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
274 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
275 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
277 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
290 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
300 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
311 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
322 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
323 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
324 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
325 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
334 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
337 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
338 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
339 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
340 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
342 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
343 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
344 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
348 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
349 given will override values from configuration files.
350 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
351 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
353 --exec-path[=<path>]::
354 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
355 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
356 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
357 the current setting and then exit.
360 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
361 documentation is installed and exit.
364 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
365 this version of git and exit.
368 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
369 version of git are installed and exit.
373 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
374 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
375 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
379 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
382 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
383 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
384 path or relative path to current working directory.
387 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
388 or a path relative to the current working directory.
389 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
390 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
391 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
392 more detailed discussion).
395 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
396 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
400 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
401 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
404 --no-replace-objects::
405 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
406 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
409 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
410 ---------------------
412 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
413 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
415 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
416 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
417 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
419 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
421 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
424 The internals are documented in the
425 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
430 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
431 ("plumbing") commands.
433 High-level commands (porcelain)
434 -------------------------------
436 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
437 ancillary user utilities.
439 Main porcelain commands
440 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
442 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
448 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
452 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
455 Interacting with Others
456 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
458 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
459 people via patch over e-mail.
461 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
464 Low-level commands (plumbing)
465 -----------------------------
467 Although git includes its
468 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
469 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
470 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
471 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
473 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
474 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
475 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
476 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
477 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
480 The following description divides
481 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
482 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
483 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
487 Manipulation commands
488 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
490 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
493 Interrogation commands
494 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
496 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
498 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
502 Synching repositories
503 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
505 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
507 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
508 typically do not use them directly.
510 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
513 Internal helper commands
514 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
516 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
517 users typically do not use them directly.
519 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
522 Configuration Mechanism
523 -----------------------
525 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
526 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
527 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
528 people. Here is an example:
532 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
537 ; Don't trust file modes
542 name = "Junio C Hamano"
543 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
547 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
548 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
552 Identifier Terminology
553 ----------------------
555 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
558 Indicates a blob object name.
561 Indicates a tree object name.
564 Indicates a commit object name.
567 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
568 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
569 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
570 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
573 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
574 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
575 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
576 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
579 Indicates that an object type is required.
580 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
583 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
584 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
588 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
592 indicates the head of the current branch.
596 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
600 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
602 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
603 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
606 File/Directory Structure
607 ------------------------
609 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
611 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
613 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
619 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
622 Environment Variables
623 ---------------------
624 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
628 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
629 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
630 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
633 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
634 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
637 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
638 If the object storage directory is specified via this
639 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
640 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
643 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
644 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
645 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
646 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
647 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
648 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
651 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
652 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
653 for the base of the repository.
656 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
657 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
658 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
659 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
660 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
663 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
664 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
666 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
667 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
668 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
669 up into while looking for a repository directory.
670 It will not exclude the current working directory or
671 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
672 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
674 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
675 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
676 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
677 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
678 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
679 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
680 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
681 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
689 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
690 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
691 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
693 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
698 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
699 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
700 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
701 value passed on the git diff command line.
703 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
704 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
705 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
706 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
707 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
709 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
713 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
714 contents of <old|new>,
715 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
716 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
718 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
719 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
720 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
721 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
722 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
724 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
729 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
730 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
731 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
732 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
735 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
736 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
737 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
738 linkgit:git-config[1].
741 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
742 It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
743 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
744 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
747 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
748 and 'git push' will use this command instead
749 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
750 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
751 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
752 shell command to execute on that remote system.
754 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
755 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
756 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
758 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
759 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
763 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
764 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
765 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
766 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
767 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
770 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
771 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
772 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
773 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
774 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
775 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
776 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
777 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
780 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
781 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
782 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
783 execution and external command execution.
784 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
785 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
786 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
787 trace messages into this file descriptor.
788 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
789 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
790 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
793 Discussion[[Discussion]]
794 ------------------------
796 More detail on the following is available from the
797 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
798 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
800 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
801 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
802 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
803 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
804 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
805 as tags and branch heads.
807 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
808 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
809 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
810 and some number of parent commits.
812 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
813 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
814 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
815 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
817 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
818 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
819 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
820 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
823 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
824 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
826 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
827 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
828 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
829 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
830 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
831 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
833 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
834 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
835 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
836 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
837 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
838 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
839 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
840 content stored in the index.
842 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
843 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
844 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
848 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
849 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
850 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
851 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
852 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
853 the authors for specific parts of the project.
858 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
859 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
860 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
864 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
865 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
866 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
867 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
868 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
872 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite