6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [-p|--paginate]
13 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
17 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
18 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
19 and full access to internals.
21 See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see
22 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
23 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
24 also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration].
25 link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] is still work in
26 progress, but when finished hopefully it will guide a new user
27 in a coherent way to git enlightenment ;-).
29 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
30 as defined in the configuration file (see gitlink:git-config[1]).
35 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
38 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
39 commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up
40 the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is
41 given then all available commands are printed.
44 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
45 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
46 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
47 the current setting and then exit.
50 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
53 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
54 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable.
57 Same as --git-dir=`pwd`.
62 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
63 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
65 The <<Discussion,Discussion>> section below and the
66 link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide introductions to the
67 underlying git architecture.
69 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
75 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
76 ("plumbing") commands.
78 High-level commands (porcelain)
79 -------------------------------
81 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
82 ancillary user utilities.
84 Main porcelain commands
85 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
87 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
93 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
97 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
100 Interacting with Others
101 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
103 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
104 people via patch over e-mail.
106 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
109 Low-level commands (plumbing)
110 -----------------------------
112 Although git includes its
113 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
114 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
115 might start by reading about gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
116 gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
118 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
119 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
120 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
121 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
122 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
125 The following description divides
126 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
127 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
128 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
132 Manipulation commands
133 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
135 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
138 Interrogation commands
139 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
141 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
143 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
147 Synching repositories
148 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
150 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
152 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
153 typically do not use them directly.
155 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
158 Internal helper commands
159 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
161 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
162 users typically do not use them directly.
164 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
167 Configuration Mechanism
168 -----------------------
170 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
171 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
172 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
173 people. Here is an example:
177 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
182 ; Don't trust file modes
187 name = "Junio C Hamano"
188 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
192 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
193 their operation accordingly.
196 Identifier Terminology
197 ----------------------
199 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
202 Indicates a blob object name.
205 Indicates a tree object name.
208 Indicates a commit object name.
211 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
212 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
213 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
214 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
217 Indicates that an object type is required.
218 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
221 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
222 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
226 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
230 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
231 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
235 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
239 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
241 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
242 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitlink:git-rev-parse[1].
245 File/Directory Structure
246 ------------------------
248 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
250 Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook.
252 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
258 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
261 Environment Variables
262 ---------------------
263 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
267 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
268 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
269 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
272 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
273 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
276 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
277 If the object storage directory is specified via this
278 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
279 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
282 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
283 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
284 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
285 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
286 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
287 written to these directories.
290 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
291 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
292 for the base of the repository.
299 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
300 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
301 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
306 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
307 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
308 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
309 value passed on the git diff command line.
311 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
312 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
313 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
314 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
315 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
317 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
321 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
322 contents of <old|new>,
323 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
324 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
327 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
328 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
329 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
330 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
331 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
333 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
339 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`.
342 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
343 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
344 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
345 execution and external command execution.
346 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
347 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
348 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
349 trace messages into this file descriptor.
350 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
351 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
352 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
355 Discussion[[Discussion]]
356 ------------------------
357 include::core-intro.txt[]
361 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
362 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
363 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
364 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
368 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
369 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
370 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
374 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite