git-show.html

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 306 </style>
 307 <title>git-show(1)</title>
 308 </head>
 309 <body>
 310 <div id="header">
 311 <h1>
 312 git-show(1) Manual Page
 313 </h1>
 314 <h2>NAME</h2>
 315 <div class="sectionbody">
 316 <p>git-show -
 317    Show various types of objects
 318 </p>
 319 </div>
 320 </div>
 321 <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
 322 <div class="sectionbody">
 323 <div class="para"><p><em>git show</em> [options] &lt;object&gt;&#8230;</p></div>
 324 </div>
 325 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 326 <div class="sectionbody">
 327 <div class="para"><p>Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).</p></div>
 328 <div class="para"><p>For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also
 329 presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by
 330 <em>git-diff-tree --cc</em>.</p></div>
 331 <div class="para"><p>For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.</p></div>
 332 <div class="para"><p>For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to <em>git-ls-tree</em>
 333 with --name-only).</p></div>
 334 <div class="para"><p>For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.</p></div>
 335 <div class="para"><p>The command takes options applicable to the <em>git-diff-tree</em> command to
 336 control how the changes the commit introduces are shown.</p></div>
 337 <div class="para"><p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p></div>
 338 </div>
 339 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 340 <div class="sectionbody">
 341 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 342 <dt>
 343 &lt;object&gt;&#8230;
 344 </dt>
 345 <dd>
 346 <p>
 347         The names of objects to show.
 348         For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 349         "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
 350 </p>
 351 </dd>
 352 <dt>
 353 --pretty[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
 354 </dt>
 355 <dt>
 356 --format[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
 357 </dt>
 358 <dd>
 359 <p>
 360         Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
 361         where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
 362         <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>.
 363         When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
 364 </p>
 365 <div class="para"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
 366 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
 367 </dd>
 368 <dt>
 369 --abbrev-commit
 370 </dt>
 371 <dd>
 372 <p>
 373         Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
 374         name, show only a partial prefix.  Non default number of
 375         digits can be specified with "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies
 376         diff output, if it is displayed).
 377 </p>
 378 <div class="para"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
 379 people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
 380 </dd>
 381 <dt>
 382 --oneline
 383 </dt>
 384 <dd>
 385 <p>
 386         This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
 387         used together.
 388 </p>
 389 </dd>
 390 <dt>
 391 --encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
 392 </dt>
 393 <dd>
 394 <p>
 395         The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
 396         in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
 397         command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
 398         preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
 399         defaults to UTF-8.
 400 </p>
 401 </dd>
 402 </dl></div>
 403 </div>
 404 <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
 405 <div class="sectionbody">
 406 <div class="para"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
 407 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
 408 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line.  This line begins with
 409 "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
 410 separated by spaces.  Note that the listed commits may not
 411 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
 412 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
 413 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
 414 file.</p></div>
 415 <div class="para"><p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p></div>
 416 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 417 <li>
 418 <p>
 419 <em>oneline</em>
 420 </p>
 421 <div class="literalblock">
 422 <div class="content">
 423 <pre><tt>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 424 </div></div>
 425 <div class="para"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
 426 </li>
 427 <li>
 428 <p>
 429 <em>short</em>
 430 </p>
 431 <div class="literalblock">
 432 <div class="content">
 433 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 434 Author: &lt;author&gt;</tt></pre>
 435 </div></div>
 436 <div class="literalblock">
 437 <div class="content">
 438 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 439 </div></div>
 440 </li>
 441 <li>
 442 <p>
 443 <em>medium</em>
 444 </p>
 445 <div class="literalblock">
 446 <div class="content">
 447 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 448 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 449 Date:   &lt;author date&gt;</tt></pre>
 450 </div></div>
 451 <div class="literalblock">
 452 <div class="content">
 453 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 454 </div></div>
 455 <div class="literalblock">
 456 <div class="content">
 457 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 458 </div></div>
 459 </li>
 460 <li>
 461 <p>
 462 <em>full</em>
 463 </p>
 464 <div class="literalblock">
 465 <div class="content">
 466 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 467 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 468 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</tt></pre>
 469 </div></div>
 470 <div class="literalblock">
 471 <div class="content">
 472 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 473 </div></div>
 474 <div class="literalblock">
 475 <div class="content">
 476 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 477 </div></div>
 478 </li>
 479 <li>
 480 <p>
 481 <em>fuller</em>
 482 </p>
 483 <div class="literalblock">
 484 <div class="content">
 485 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 486 Author:     &lt;author&gt;
 487 AuthorDate: &lt;author date&gt;
 488 Commit:     &lt;committer&gt;
 489 CommitDate: &lt;committer date&gt;</tt></pre>
 490 </div></div>
 491 <div class="literalblock">
 492 <div class="content">
 493 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 494 </div></div>
 495 <div class="literalblock">
 496 <div class="content">
 497 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 498 </div></div>
 499 </li>
 500 <li>
 501 <p>
 502 <em>email</em>
 503 </p>
 504 <div class="literalblock">
 505 <div class="content">
 506 <pre><tt>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
 507 From: &lt;author&gt;
 508 Date: &lt;author date&gt;
 509 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 510 </div></div>
 511 <div class="literalblock">
 512 <div class="content">
 513 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 514 </div></div>
 515 </li>
 516 <li>
 517 <p>
 518 <em>raw</em>
 519 </p>
 520 <div class="para"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
 521 stored in the commit object.  Notably, the SHA1s are
 522 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
 523 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
 524 true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
 525 simplification into account.</p></div>
 526 </li>
 527 <li>
 528 <p>
 529 <em>format:</em>
 530 </p>
 531 <div class="para"><p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
 532 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
 533 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
 534 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
 535 <div class="para"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
 536 would show something like this:</p></div>
 537 <div class="listingblock">
 538 <div class="content">
 539 <pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
 540 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;
 541 </tt></pre>
 542 </div></div>
 543 <div class="para"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
 544 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 545 <li>
 546 <p>
 547 <em>%H</em>: commit hash
 548 </p>
 549 </li>
 550 <li>
 551 <p>
 552 <em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
 553 </p>
 554 </li>
 555 <li>
 556 <p>
 557 <em>%T</em>: tree hash
 558 </p>
 559 </li>
 560 <li>
 561 <p>
 562 <em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
 563 </p>
 564 </li>
 565 <li>
 566 <p>
 567 <em>%P</em>: parent hashes
 568 </p>
 569 </li>
 570 <li>
 571 <p>
 572 <em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
 573 </p>
 574 </li>
 575 <li>
 576 <p>
 577 <em>%an</em>: author name
 578 </p>
 579 </li>
 580 <li>
 581 <p>
 582 <em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
 583 </p>
 584 </li>
 585 <li>
 586 <p>
 587 <em>%ae</em>: author email
 588 </p>
 589 </li>
 590 <li>
 591 <p>
 592 <em>%aE</em>: author email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
 593 </p>
 594 </li>
 595 <li>
 596 <p>
 597 <em>%ad</em>: author date (format respects --date= option)
 598 </p>
 599 </li>
 600 <li>
 601 <p>
 602 <em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
 603 </p>
 604 </li>
 605 <li>
 606 <p>
 607 <em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
 608 </p>
 609 </li>
 610 <li>
 611 <p>
 612 <em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
 613 </p>
 614 </li>
 615 <li>
 616 <p>
 617 <em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
 618 </p>
 619 </li>
 620 <li>
 621 <p>
 622 <em>%cn</em>: committer name
 623 </p>
 624 </li>
 625 <li>
 626 <p>
 627 <em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
 628 </p>
 629 </li>
 630 <li>
 631 <p>
 632 <em>%ce</em>: committer email
 633 </p>
 634 </li>
 635 <li>
 636 <p>
 637 <em>%cE</em>: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
 638 </p>
 639 </li>
 640 <li>
 641 <p>
 642 <em>%cd</em>: committer date
 643 </p>
 644 </li>
 645 <li>
 646 <p>
 647 <em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
 648 </p>
 649 </li>
 650 <li>
 651 <p>
 652 <em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
 653 </p>
 654 </li>
 655 <li>
 656 <p>
 657 <em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
 658 </p>
 659 </li>
 660 <li>
 661 <p>
 662 <em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
 663 </p>
 664 </li>
 665 <li>
 666 <p>
 667 <em>%d</em>: ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
 668 </p>
 669 </li>
 670 <li>
 671 <p>
 672 <em>%e</em>: encoding
 673 </p>
 674 </li>
 675 <li>
 676 <p>
 677 <em>%s</em>: subject
 678 </p>
 679 </li>
 680 <li>
 681 <p>
 682 <em>%f</em>: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
 683 </p>
 684 </li>
 685 <li>
 686 <p>
 687 <em>%b</em>: body
 688 </p>
 689 </li>
 690 <li>
 691 <p>
 692 <em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
 693 </p>
 694 </li>
 695 <li>
 696 <p>
 697 <em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
 698 </p>
 699 </li>
 700 <li>
 701 <p>
 702 <em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
 703 </p>
 704 </li>
 705 <li>
 706 <p>
 707 <em>%Creset</em>: reset color
 708 </p>
 709 </li>
 710 <li>
 711 <p>
 712 <em>%C(&#8230;)</em>: color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option
 713 </p>
 714 </li>
 715 <li>
 716 <p>
 717 <em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
 718 </p>
 719 </li>
 720 <li>
 721 <p>
 722 <em>%n</em>: newline
 723 </p>
 724 </li>
 725 <li>
 726 <p>
 727 <em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code
 728 </p>
 729 </li>
 730 </ul></div>
 731 </li>
 732 <li>
 733 <p>
 734 <em>tformat:</em>
 735 </p>
 736 <div class="para"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
 737 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
 738 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
 739 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
 740 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
 741 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
 742 For example:</p></div>
 743 <div class="listingblock">
 744 <div class="content">
 745 <pre><tt>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
 746   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
 747 4da45be
 748 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
 749
 750 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
 751   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
 752 4da45be
 753 7134973</tt></pre>
 754 </div></div>
 755 <div class="para"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <tt>%</tt> in it is interpreted
 756 as if it has <tt>tformat:</tt> in front of it.  For example, these two are
 757 equivalent:</p></div>
 758 <div class="listingblock">
 759 <div class="content">
 760 <pre><tt>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
 761 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</tt></pre>
 762 </div></div>
 763 </li>
 764 </ul></div>
 765 </div>
 766 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
 767 <div class="sectionbody">
 768 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 769 <dt>
 770 git show v1.0.0
 771 </dt>
 772 <dd>
 773 <p>
 774         Shows the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>, along with the object the tags
 775         points at.
 776 </p>
 777 </dd>
 778 <dt>
 779 git show v1.0.0^{tree}
 780 </dt>
 781 <dd>
 782 <p>
 783         Shows the tree pointed to by the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>.
 784 </p>
 785 </dd>
 786 <dt>
 787 git show next~10:Documentation/README
 788 </dt>
 789 <dd>
 790 <p>
 791         Shows the contents of the file <tt>Documentation/README</tt> as
 792         they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
 793         <tt>next</tt>.
 794 </p>
 795 </dd>
 796 <dt>
 797 git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
 798 </dt>
 799 <dd>
 800 <p>
 801         Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head
 802         of the branch <tt>master</tt>.
 803 </p>
 804 </dd>
 805 </dl></div>
 806 </div>
 807 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 808 <div class="sectionbody">
 809 <div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 810 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 811 <li>
 812 <p>
 813 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
 814    are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
 815    What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
 816    with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
 817    to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts.  There is no such
 818    thing as pathname encoding translation.
 819 </p>
 820 </li>
 821 <li>
 822 <p>
 823 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
 824    of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
 825    level.
 826 </p>
 827 </li>
 828 <li>
 829 <p>
 830 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
 831    bytes.
 832 </p>
 833 </li>
 834 </ul></div>
 835 <div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 836 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 837 force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
 838 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 839 does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
 840 mind.</p></div>
 841 <div class="olist"><ol>
 842 <li>
 843 <p>
 844 <em>git-commit</em> and <em>git-commit-tree</em> issues
 845   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
 846   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
 847   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
 848   have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 849 </p>
 850 <div class="listingblock">
 851 <div class="content">
 852 <pre><tt>[i18n]
 853         commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 854 </div></div>
 855 <div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 856 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header.  This is to
 857 help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
 858 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 859 </li>
 860 <li>
 861 <p>
 862 <em>git-log</em>, <em>git-show</em>, <em>git-blame</em> and friends look at the
 863   <tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
 864   log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
 865   specify the desired output encoding with
 866   <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 867 </p>
 868 <div class="listingblock">
 869 <div class="content">
 870 <pre><tt>[i18n]
 871         logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 872 </div></div>
 873 <div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 874 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
 875 </li>
 876 </ol></div>
 877 <div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 878 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 879 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 880 reversible operation.</p></div>
 881 </div>
 882 <h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
 883 <div class="sectionbody">
 884 <div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt; and
 885 Junio C Hamano &lt;gitster@pobox.com&gt;.  Significantly enhanced by
 886 Johannes Schindelin &lt;Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de&gt;.</p></div>
 887 </div>
 888 <h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>
 889 <div class="sectionbody">
 890 <div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Petr Baudis and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p></div>
 891 </div>
 892 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 893 <div class="sectionbody">
 894 <div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 895 </div>
 896 <div id="footer">
 897 <div id="footer-text">
 898 Last updated 2009-04-06 08:26:31 UTC
 899 </div>
 900 </div>
 901 </body>
 902 </html>