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 401 </style>
 402 </head>
 403 <body>
 404 <div id="header">
 405 <h1>
 406 git(1) Manual Page
 407 </h1>
 408 <h2>NAME</h2>
 409 <div class="sectionbody">
 410 <p>git -
 411    the stupid content tracker
 412 </p>
 413 </div>
 414 </div>
 415 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 416 <div class="sectionbody">
 417 <div class="verseblock">
 418 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git</em> [--version] [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path]
 419     [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
 420     [--bare] [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;]
 421     [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
 422     [--help] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</div>
 423 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
 424 </div></div>
 425 </div>
 426 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 427 <div class="sectionbody">
 428 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
 429 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
 430 and full access to internals.</p></div>
 431 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
 432 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a> for a useful minimum set of commands, and
 433 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command.  CVS users may
 434 also want to read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.  See
 435 the <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> for a more in-depth
 436 introduction.</p></div>
 437 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;command&gt;</em> is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
 438 as defined in the configuration file (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
 439 <div class="paragraph"><p>Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
 440 documentation can be viewed at
 441 <tt>http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/</tt>.</p></div>
 442 </div>
 443 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 444 <div class="sectionbody">
 445 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 446 <dt class="hdlist1">
 447 --version
 448 </dt>
 449 <dd>
 450 <p>
 451         Prints the git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
 452 </p>
 453 </dd>
 454 <dt class="hdlist1">
 455 --help
 456 </dt>
 457 <dd>
 458 <p>
 459         Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 460         commands. If the option <em>--all</em> or <em>-a</em> is given then all
 461         available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
 462         option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 463 </p>
 464 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 465 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
 466 because <tt>git --help &#8230;</tt> is converted internally into <tt>git
 467 help &#8230;</tt>.</p></div>
 468 </dd>
 469 <dt class="hdlist1">
 470 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
 471 </dt>
 472 <dd>
 473 <p>
 474         Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 475         given will override values from configuration files.
 476         The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
 477         <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
 478 </p>
 479 </dd>
 480 <dt class="hdlist1">
 481 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
 482 </dt>
 483 <dd>
 484 <p>
 485         Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
 486         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 487         environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
 488         the current setting and then exit.
 489 </p>
 490 </dd>
 491 <dt class="hdlist1">
 492 --html-path
 493 </dt>
 494 <dd>
 495 <p>
 496         Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
 497         and exit.
 498 </p>
 499 </dd>
 500 <dt class="hdlist1">
 501 -p
 502 </dt>
 503 <dt class="hdlist1">
 504 --paginate
 505 </dt>
 506 <dd>
 507 <p>
 508         Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 509         output is a terminal.  This overrides the <tt>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</tt>
 510         configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 511         below).
 512 </p>
 513 </dd>
 514 <dt class="hdlist1">
 515 --no-pager
 516 </dt>
 517 <dd>
 518 <p>
 519         Do not pipe git output into a pager.
 520 </p>
 521 </dd>
 522 <dt class="hdlist1">
 523 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
 524 </dt>
 525 <dd>
 526 <p>
 527         Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 528         setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
 529         path or relative path to current working directory.
 530 </p>
 531 </dd>
 532 <dt class="hdlist1">
 533 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
 534 </dt>
 535 <dd>
 536 <p>
 537         Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 538         or a path relative to the current working directory.
 539         This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 540         environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 541         variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
 542         more detailed discussion).
 543 </p>
 544 </dd>
 545 <dt class="hdlist1">
 546 --bare
 547 </dt>
 548 <dd>
 549 <p>
 550         Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 551         environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 552         directory.
 553 </p>
 554 </dd>
 555 <dt class="hdlist1">
 556 --no-replace-objects
 557 </dt>
 558 <dd>
 559 <p>
 560         Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
 561         <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
 562 </p>
 563 </dd>
 564 </dl></div>
 565 </div>
 566 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
 567 <div class="sectionbody">
 568 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references above to get started using git.  The following is
 569 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.</p></div>
 570 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
 571 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
 572 introductions to the underlying git architecture.</p></div>
 573 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
 574 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
 575 examples.</p></div>
 576 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
 577 <a href="technical/api-index.html">GIT API documentation</a>.</p></div>
 578 </div>
 579 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
 580 <div class="sectionbody">
 581 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 582 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
 583 </div>
 584 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
 585 <div class="sectionbody">
 586 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 587 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
 588 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
 589 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 590 <dt class="hdlist1">
 591 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
 592 </dt>
 593 <dd>
 594 <p>
 595         Add file contents to the index.
 596 </p>
 597 </dd>
 598 <dt class="hdlist1">
 599 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
 600 </dt>
 601 <dd>
 602 <p>
 603         Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
 604 </p>
 605 </dd>
 606 <dt class="hdlist1">
 607 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
 608 </dt>
 609 <dd>
 610 <p>
 611         Create an archive of files from a named tree.
 612 </p>
 613 </dd>
 614 <dt class="hdlist1">
 615 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
 616 </dt>
 617 <dd>
 618 <p>
 619         Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug.
 620 </p>
 621 </dd>
 622 <dt class="hdlist1">
 623 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
 624 </dt>
 625 <dd>
 626 <p>
 627         List, create, or delete branches.
 628 </p>
 629 </dd>
 630 <dt class="hdlist1">
 631 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
 632 </dt>
 633 <dd>
 634 <p>
 635         Move objects and refs by archive.
 636 </p>
 637 </dd>
 638 <dt class="hdlist1">
 639 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
 640 </dt>
 641 <dd>
 642 <p>
 643         Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.
 644 </p>
 645 </dd>
 646 <dt class="hdlist1">
 647 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
 648 </dt>
 649 <dd>
 650 <p>
 651         Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
 652 </p>
 653 </dd>
 654 <dt class="hdlist1">
 655 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
 656 </dt>
 657 <dd>
 658 <p>
 659         Graphical alternative to git-commit.
 660 </p>
 661 </dd>
 662 <dt class="hdlist1">
 663 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
 664 </dt>
 665 <dd>
 666 <p>
 667         Remove untracked files from the working tree.
 668 </p>
 669 </dd>
 670 <dt class="hdlist1">
 671 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
 672 </dt>
 673 <dd>
 674 <p>
 675         Clone a repository into a new directory.
 676 </p>
 677 </dd>
 678 <dt class="hdlist1">
 679 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
 680 </dt>
 681 <dd>
 682 <p>
 683         Record changes to the repository.
 684 </p>
 685 </dd>
 686 <dt class="hdlist1">
 687 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
 688 </dt>
 689 <dd>
 690 <p>
 691         Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
 692 </p>
 693 </dd>
 694 <dt class="hdlist1">
 695 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
 696 </dt>
 697 <dd>
 698 <p>
 699         Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
 700 </p>
 701 </dd>
 702 <dt class="hdlist1">
 703 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
 704 </dt>
 705 <dd>
 706 <p>
 707         Download objects and refs from another repository.
 708 </p>
 709 </dd>
 710 <dt class="hdlist1">
 711 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
 712 </dt>
 713 <dd>
 714 <p>
 715         Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
 716 </p>
 717 </dd>
 718 <dt class="hdlist1">
 719 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
 720 </dt>
 721 <dd>
 722 <p>
 723         Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
 724 </p>
 725 </dd>
 726 <dt class="hdlist1">
 727 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
 728 </dt>
 729 <dd>
 730 <p>
 731         Print lines matching a pattern.
 732 </p>
 733 </dd>
 734 <dt class="hdlist1">
 735 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
 736 </dt>
 737 <dd>
 738 <p>
 739         A portable graphical interface to Git.
 740 </p>
 741 </dd>
 742 <dt class="hdlist1">
 743 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
 744 </dt>
 745 <dd>
 746 <p>
 747         Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
 748 </p>
 749 </dd>
 750 <dt class="hdlist1">
 751 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
 752 </dt>
 753 <dd>
 754 <p>
 755         Show commit logs.
 756 </p>
 757 </dd>
 758 <dt class="hdlist1">
 759 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
 760 </dt>
 761 <dd>
 762 <p>
 763         Join two or more development histories together.
 764 </p>
 765 </dd>
 766 <dt class="hdlist1">
 767 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
 768 </dt>
 769 <dd>
 770 <p>
 771         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
 772 </p>
 773 </dd>
 774 <dt class="hdlist1">
 775 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
 776 </dt>
 777 <dd>
 778 <p>
 779         Add or inspect object notes.
 780 </p>
 781 </dd>
 782 <dt class="hdlist1">
 783 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
 784 </dt>
 785 <dd>
 786 <p>
 787         Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch.
 788 </p>
 789 </dd>
 790 <dt class="hdlist1">
 791 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
 792 </dt>
 793 <dd>
 794 <p>
 795         Update remote refs along with associated objects.
 796 </p>
 797 </dd>
 798 <dt class="hdlist1">
 799 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
 800 </dt>
 801 <dd>
 802 <p>
 803         Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head.
 804 </p>
 805 </dd>
 806 <dt class="hdlist1">
 807 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
 808 </dt>
 809 <dd>
 810 <p>
 811         Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
 812 </p>
 813 </dd>
 814 <dt class="hdlist1">
 815 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
 816 </dt>
 817 <dd>
 818 <p>
 819         Revert some existing commits.
 820 </p>
 821 </dd>
 822 <dt class="hdlist1">
 823 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
 824 </dt>
 825 <dd>
 826 <p>
 827         Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
 828 </p>
 829 </dd>
 830 <dt class="hdlist1">
 831 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
 832 </dt>
 833 <dd>
 834 <p>
 835         Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
 836 </p>
 837 </dd>
 838 <dt class="hdlist1">
 839 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
 840 </dt>
 841 <dd>
 842 <p>
 843         Show various types of objects.
 844 </p>
 845 </dd>
 846 <dt class="hdlist1">
 847 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
 848 </dt>
 849 <dd>
 850 <p>
 851         Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
 852 </p>
 853 </dd>
 854 <dt class="hdlist1">
 855 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
 856 </dt>
 857 <dd>
 858 <p>
 859         Show the working tree status.
 860 </p>
 861 </dd>
 862 <dt class="hdlist1">
 863 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
 864 </dt>
 865 <dd>
 866 <p>
 867         Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
 868 </p>
 869 </dd>
 870 <dt class="hdlist1">
 871 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
 872 </dt>
 873 <dd>
 874 <p>
 875         Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
 876 </p>
 877 </dd>
 878 <dt class="hdlist1">
 879 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
 880 </dt>
 881 <dd>
 882 <p>
 883         The git repository browser.
 884 </p>
 885 </dd>
 886 </dl></div>
 887 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
 888 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
 889 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 890 <dt class="hdlist1">
 891 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
 892 </dt>
 893 <dd>
 894 <p>
 895         Get and set repository or global options.
 896 </p>
 897 </dd>
 898 <dt class="hdlist1">
 899 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
 900 </dt>
 901 <dd>
 902 <p>
 903         Git data exporter.
 904 </p>
 905 </dd>
 906 <dt class="hdlist1">
 907 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
 908 </dt>
 909 <dd>
 910 <p>
 911         Backend for fast Git data importers.
 912 </p>
 913 </dd>
 914 <dt class="hdlist1">
 915 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
 916 </dt>
 917 <dd>
 918 <p>
 919         Rewrite branches.
 920 </p>
 921 </dd>
 922 <dt class="hdlist1">
 923 <a href="git-lost-found.html">git-lost-found(1)</a>
 924 </dt>
 925 <dd>
 926 <p>
 927         (deprecated) Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
 928 </p>
 929 </dd>
 930 <dt class="hdlist1">
 931 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
 932 </dt>
 933 <dd>
 934 <p>
 935         Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
 936 </p>
 937 </dd>
 938 <dt class="hdlist1">
 939 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
 940 </dt>
 941 <dd>
 942 <p>
 943         Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
 944 </p>
 945 </dd>
 946 <dt class="hdlist1">
 947 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
 948 </dt>
 949 <dd>
 950 <p>
 951         Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
 952 </p>
 953 </dd>
 954 <dt class="hdlist1">
 955 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
 956 </dt>
 957 <dd>
 958 <p>
 959         Manage reflog information.
 960 </p>
 961 </dd>
 962 <dt class="hdlist1">
 963 <a href="git-relink.html">git-relink(1)</a>
 964 </dt>
 965 <dd>
 966 <p>
 967         Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
 968 </p>
 969 </dd>
 970 <dt class="hdlist1">
 971 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
 972 </dt>
 973 <dd>
 974 <p>
 975         manage set of tracked repositories.
 976 </p>
 977 </dd>
 978 <dt class="hdlist1">
 979 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
 980 </dt>
 981 <dd>
 982 <p>
 983         Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
 984 </p>
 985 </dd>
 986 <dt class="hdlist1">
 987 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
 988 </dt>
 989 <dd>
 990 <p>
 991         Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
 992 </p>
 993 </dd>
 994 <dt class="hdlist1">
 995 <a href="git-repo-config.html">git-repo-config(1)</a>
 996 </dt>
 997 <dd>
 998 <p>
 999         (deprecated) Get and set repository or global options.
1000 </p>
1001 </dd>
1002 </dl></div>
1003 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1004 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1005 <dt class="hdlist1">
1006 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1007 </dt>
1008 <dd>
1009 <p>
1010         Annotate file lines with commit information.
1011 </p>
1012 </dd>
1013 <dt class="hdlist1">
1014 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1015 </dt>
1016 <dd>
1017 <p>
1018         Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1019 </p>
1020 </dd>
1021 <dt class="hdlist1">
1022 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
1023 </dt>
1024 <dd>
1025 <p>
1026         Find commits not merged upstream.
1027 </p>
1028 </dd>
1029 <dt class="hdlist1">
1030 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1031 </dt>
1032 <dd>
1033 <p>
1034         Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1035 </p>
1036 </dd>
1037 <dt class="hdlist1">
1038 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1039 </dt>
1040 <dd>
1041 <p>
1042         Show changes using common diff tools.
1043 </p>
1044 </dd>
1045 <dt class="hdlist1">
1046 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1047 </dt>
1048 <dd>
1049 <p>
1050         Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1051 </p>
1052 </dd>
1053 <dt class="hdlist1">
1054 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
1055 </dt>
1056 <dd>
1057 <p>
1058         Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
1059 </p>
1060 </dd>
1061 <dt class="hdlist1">
1062 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1063 </dt>
1064 <dd>
1065 <p>
1066         display help information about git.
1067 </p>
1068 </dd>
1069 <dt class="hdlist1">
1070 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1071 </dt>
1072 <dd>
1073 <p>
1074         Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1075 </p>
1076 </dd>
1077 <dt class="hdlist1">
1078 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1079 </dt>
1080 <dd>
1081 <p>
1082         Show three-way merge without touching index.
1083 </p>
1084 </dd>
1085 <dt class="hdlist1">
1086 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1087 </dt>
1088 <dd>
1089 <p>
1090         Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1091 </p>
1092 </dd>
1093 <dt class="hdlist1">
1094 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
1095 </dt>
1096 <dd>
1097 <p>
1098         Pick out and massage parameters.
1099 </p>
1100 </dd>
1101 <dt class="hdlist1">
1102 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1103 </dt>
1104 <dd>
1105 <p>
1106         Show branches and their commits.
1107 </p>
1108 </dd>
1109 <dt class="hdlist1">
1110 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1111 </dt>
1112 <dd>
1113 <p>
1114         Check the GPG signature of tags.
1115 </p>
1116 </dd>
1117 <dt class="hdlist1">
1118 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1119 </dt>
1120 <dd>
1121 <p>
1122         Show logs with difference each commit introduces.
1123 </p>
1124 </dd>
1125 </dl></div>
1126 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1127 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1128 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1129 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1130 <dt class="hdlist1">
1131 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1132 </dt>
1133 <dd>
1134 <p>
1135         Import an Arch repository into git.
1136 </p>
1137 </dd>
1138 <dt class="hdlist1">
1139 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1140 </dt>
1141 <dd>
1142 <p>
1143         Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1144 </p>
1145 </dd>
1146 <dt class="hdlist1">
1147 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1148 </dt>
1149 <dd>
1150 <p>
1151         Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1152 </p>
1153 </dd>
1154 <dt class="hdlist1">
1155 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1156 </dt>
1157 <dd>
1158 <p>
1159         A CVS server emulator for git.
1160 </p>
1161 </dd>
1162 <dt class="hdlist1">
1163 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1164 </dt>
1165 <dd>
1166 <p>
1167         Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1168 </p>
1169 </dd>
1170 <dt class="hdlist1">
1171 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1172 </dt>
1173 <dd>
1174 <p>
1175         Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1176 </p>
1177 </dd>
1178 <dt class="hdlist1">
1179 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1180 </dt>
1181 <dd>
1182 <p>
1183         Generates a summary of pending changes.
1184 </p>
1185 </dd>
1186 <dt class="hdlist1">
1187 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1188 </dt>
1189 <dd>
1190 <p>
1191         Send a collection of patches as emails.
1192 </p>
1193 </dd>
1194 <dt class="hdlist1">
1195 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1196 </dt>
1197 <dd>
1198 <p>
1199         Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git.
1200 </p>
1201 </dd>
1202 </dl></div>
1203 </div>
1204 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1205 <div class="sectionbody">
1206 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although git includes its
1207 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1208 development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
1209 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1210 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1211 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1212 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1213 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1214 primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
1215 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1216 end user experience.</p></div>
1217 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1218 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1219 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1220 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1221 repositories.</p></div>
1222 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1223 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1224 <dt class="hdlist1">
1225 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1226 </dt>
1227 <dd>
1228 <p>
1229         Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1230 </p>
1231 </dd>
1232 <dt class="hdlist1">
1233 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1234 </dt>
1235 <dd>
1236 <p>
1237         Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1238 </p>
1239 </dd>
1240 <dt class="hdlist1">
1241 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1242 </dt>
1243 <dd>
1244 <p>
1245         Create a new commit object.
1246 </p>
1247 </dd>
1248 <dt class="hdlist1">
1249 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1250 </dt>
1251 <dd>
1252 <p>
1253         Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
1254 </p>
1255 </dd>
1256 <dt class="hdlist1">
1257 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1258 </dt>
1259 <dd>
1260 <p>
1261         Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1262 </p>
1263 </dd>
1264 <dt class="hdlist1">
1265 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1266 </dt>
1267 <dd>
1268 <p>
1269         Run a three-way file merge.
1270 </p>
1271 </dd>
1272 <dt class="hdlist1">
1273 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1274 </dt>
1275 <dd>
1276 <p>
1277         Run a merge for files needing merging.
1278 </p>
1279 </dd>
1280 <dt class="hdlist1">
1281 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1282 </dt>
1283 <dd>
1284 <p>
1285         Creates a tag object.
1286 </p>
1287 </dd>
1288 <dt class="hdlist1">
1289 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1290 </dt>
1291 <dd>
1292 <p>
1293         Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1294 </p>
1295 </dd>
1296 <dt class="hdlist1">
1297 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1298 </dt>
1299 <dd>
1300 <p>
1301         Create a packed archive of objects.
1302 </p>
1303 </dd>
1304 <dt class="hdlist1">
1305 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1306 </dt>
1307 <dd>
1308 <p>
1309         Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1310 </p>
1311 </dd>
1312 <dt class="hdlist1">
1313 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1314 </dt>
1315 <dd>
1316 <p>
1317         Reads tree information into the index.
1318 </p>
1319 </dd>
1320 <dt class="hdlist1">
1321 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1322 </dt>
1323 <dd>
1324 <p>
1325         Read and modify symbolic refs.
1326 </p>
1327 </dd>
1328 <dt class="hdlist1">
1329 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1330 </dt>
1331 <dd>
1332 <p>
1333         Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1334 </p>
1335 </dd>
1336 <dt class="hdlist1">
1337 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1338 </dt>
1339 <dd>
1340 <p>
1341         Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1342 </p>
1343 </dd>
1344 <dt class="hdlist1">
1345 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1346 </dt>
1347 <dd>
1348 <p>
1349         Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1350 </p>
1351 </dd>
1352 <dt class="hdlist1">
1353 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1354 </dt>
1355 <dd>
1356 <p>
1357         Create a tree object from the current index.
1358 </p>
1359 </dd>
1360 </dl></div>
1361 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1362 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1363 <dt class="hdlist1">
1364 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1365 </dt>
1366 <dd>
1367 <p>
1368         Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.
1369 </p>
1370 </dd>
1371 <dt class="hdlist1">
1372 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
1373 </dt>
1374 <dd>
1375 <p>
1376         Compares files in the working tree and the index.
1377 </p>
1378 </dd>
1379 <dt class="hdlist1">
1380 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
1381 </dt>
1382 <dd>
1383 <p>
1384         Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
1385 </p>
1386 </dd>
1387 <dt class="hdlist1">
1388 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
1389 </dt>
1390 <dd>
1391 <p>
1392         Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
1393 </p>
1394 </dd>
1395 <dt class="hdlist1">
1396 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
1397 </dt>
1398 <dd>
1399 <p>
1400         Output information on each ref.
1401 </p>
1402 </dd>
1403 <dt class="hdlist1">
1404 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
1405 </dt>
1406 <dd>
1407 <p>
1408         Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
1409 </p>
1410 </dd>
1411 <dt class="hdlist1">
1412 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
1413 </dt>
1414 <dd>
1415 <p>
1416         List references in a remote repository.
1417 </p>
1418 </dd>
1419 <dt class="hdlist1">
1420 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
1421 </dt>
1422 <dd>
1423 <p>
1424         List the contents of a tree object.
1425 </p>
1426 </dd>
1427 <dt class="hdlist1">
1428 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
1429 </dt>
1430 <dd>
1431 <p>
1432         Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
1433 </p>
1434 </dd>
1435 <dt class="hdlist1">
1436 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
1437 </dt>
1438 <dd>
1439 <p>
1440         Find symbolic names for given revs.
1441 </p>
1442 </dd>
1443 <dt class="hdlist1">
1444 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
1445 </dt>
1446 <dd>
1447 <p>
1448         Find redundant pack files.
1449 </p>
1450 </dd>
1451 <dt class="hdlist1">
1452 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
1453 </dt>
1454 <dd>
1455 <p>
1456         Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
1457 </p>
1458 </dd>
1459 <dt class="hdlist1">
1460 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
1461 </dt>
1462 <dd>
1463 <p>
1464         Show packed archive index.
1465 </p>
1466 </dd>
1467 <dt class="hdlist1">
1468 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
1469 </dt>
1470 <dd>
1471 <p>
1472         List references in a local repository.
1473 </p>
1474 </dd>
1475 <dt class="hdlist1">
1476 <a href="git-tar-tree.html">git-tar-tree(1)</a>
1477 </dt>
1478 <dd>
1479 <p>
1480         (deprecated) Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
1481 </p>
1482 </dd>
1483 <dt class="hdlist1">
1484 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
1485 </dt>
1486 <dd>
1487 <p>
1488         Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
1489 </p>
1490 </dd>
1491 <dt class="hdlist1">
1492 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
1493 </dt>
1494 <dd>
1495 <p>
1496         Show a git logical variable.
1497 </p>
1498 </dd>
1499 <dt class="hdlist1">
1500 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
1501 </dt>
1502 <dd>
1503 <p>
1504         Validate packed git archive files.
1505 </p>
1506 </dd>
1507 </dl></div>
1508 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
1509 the working tree.</p></div>
1510 <h3 id="_synching_repositories">Synching repositories</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1511 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1512 <dt class="hdlist1">
1513 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
1514 </dt>
1515 <dd>
1516 <p>
1517         A really simple server for git repositories.
1518 </p>
1519 </dd>
1520 <dt class="hdlist1">
1521 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
1522 </dt>
1523 <dd>
1524 <p>
1525         Receive missing objects from another repository.
1526 </p>
1527 </dd>
1528 <dt class="hdlist1">
1529 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
1530 </dt>
1531 <dd>
1532 <p>
1533         Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
1534 </p>
1535 </dd>
1536 <dt class="hdlist1">
1537 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
1538 </dt>
1539 <dd>
1540 <p>
1541         Push objects over git protocol to another repository.
1542 </p>
1543 </dd>
1544 <dt class="hdlist1">
1545 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
1546 </dt>
1547 <dd>
1548 <p>
1549         Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
1550 </p>
1551 </dd>
1552 </dl></div>
1553 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
1554 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1555 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1556 <dt class="hdlist1">
1557 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
1558 </dt>
1559 <dd>
1560 <p>
1561         Download from a remote git repository via HTTP.
1562 </p>
1563 </dd>
1564 <dt class="hdlist1">
1565 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
1566 </dt>
1567 <dd>
1568 <p>
1569         Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
1570 </p>
1571 </dd>
1572 <dt class="hdlist1">
1573 <a href="git-parse-remote.html">git-parse-remote(1)</a>
1574 </dt>
1575 <dd>
1576 <p>
1577         Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters.
1578 </p>
1579 </dd>
1580 <dt class="hdlist1">
1581 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
1582 </dt>
1583 <dd>
1584 <p>
1585         Receive what is pushed into the repository.
1586 </p>
1587 </dd>
1588 <dt class="hdlist1">
1589 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
1590 </dt>
1591 <dd>
1592 <p>
1593         Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
1594 </p>
1595 </dd>
1596 <dt class="hdlist1">
1597 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
1598 </dt>
1599 <dd>
1600 <p>
1601         Send archive back to git-archive.
1602 </p>
1603 </dd>
1604 <dt class="hdlist1">
1605 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
1606 </dt>
1607 <dd>
1608 <p>
1609         Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
1610 </p>
1611 </dd>
1612 </dl></div>
1613 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1614 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
1615 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1616 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1617 <dt class="hdlist1">
1618 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
1619 </dt>
1620 <dd>
1621 <p>
1622         Display gitattributes information.
1623 </p>
1624 </dd>
1625 <dt class="hdlist1">
1626 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
1627 </dt>
1628 <dd>
1629 <p>
1630         Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
1631 </p>
1632 </dd>
1633 <dt class="hdlist1">
1634 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
1635 </dt>
1636 <dd>
1637 <p>
1638         Produce a merge commit message.
1639 </p>
1640 </dd>
1641 <dt class="hdlist1">
1642 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
1643 </dt>
1644 <dd>
1645 <p>
1646         Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
1647 </p>
1648 </dd>
1649 <dt class="hdlist1">
1650 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
1651 </dt>
1652 <dd>
1653 <p>
1654         Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
1655 </p>
1656 </dd>
1657 <dt class="hdlist1">
1658 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
1659 </dt>
1660 <dd>
1661 <p>
1662         The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
1663 </p>
1664 </dd>
1665 <dt class="hdlist1">
1666 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
1667 </dt>
1668 <dd>
1669 <p>
1670         Compute unique ID for a patch.
1671 </p>
1672 </dd>
1673 <dt class="hdlist1">
1674 <a href="git-peek-remote.html">git-peek-remote(1)</a>
1675 </dt>
1676 <dd>
1677 <p>
1678         (deprecated) List the references in a remote repository.
1679 </p>
1680 </dd>
1681 <dt class="hdlist1">
1682 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
1683 </dt>
1684 <dd>
1685 <p>
1686         Common git shell script setup code.
1687 </p>
1688 </dd>
1689 <dt class="hdlist1">
1690 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
1691 </dt>
1692 <dd>
1693 <p>
1694         Filter out empty lines.
1695 </p>
1696 </dd>
1697 </dl></div>
1698 </div>
1699 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
1700 <div class="sectionbody">
1701 <div class="paragraph"><p>Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), <tt>.git/config</tt> file
1702 is used to hold per-repository configuration options.  It is a
1703 simple text file modeled after <tt>.ini</tt> format familiar to some
1704 people.  Here is an example:</p></div>
1705 <div class="listingblock">
1706 <div class="content">
1707 <pre><tt>#
1708 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
1709 #
1710
1711 ; core variables
1712 [core]
1713         ; Don't trust file modes
1714         filemode = false
1715
1716 ; user identity
1717 [user]
1718         name = "Junio C Hamano"
1719         email = "junkio@twinsun.com"</tt></pre>
1720 </div></div>
1721 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
1722 their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
1723 list.</p></div>
1724 </div>
1725 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
1726 <div class="sectionbody">
1727 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1728 <dt class="hdlist1">
1729 &lt;object&gt;
1730 </dt>
1731 <dd>
1732 <p>
1733         Indicates the object name for any type of object.
1734 </p>
1735 </dd>
1736 <dt class="hdlist1">
1737 &lt;blob&gt;
1738 </dt>
1739 <dd>
1740 <p>
1741         Indicates a blob object name.
1742 </p>
1743 </dd>
1744 <dt class="hdlist1">
1745 &lt;tree&gt;
1746 </dt>
1747 <dd>
1748 <p>
1749         Indicates a tree object name.
1750 </p>
1751 </dd>
1752 <dt class="hdlist1">
1753 &lt;commit&gt;
1754 </dt>
1755 <dd>
1756 <p>
1757         Indicates a commit object name.
1758 </p>
1759 </dd>
1760 <dt class="hdlist1">
1761 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
1762 </dt>
1763 <dd>
1764 <p>
1765         Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
1766         command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1767         operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1768         &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
1769 </p>
1770 </dd>
1771 <dt class="hdlist1">
1772 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
1773 </dt>
1774 <dd>
1775 <p>
1776         Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
1777         command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1778         operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1779         &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
1780 </p>
1781 </dd>
1782 <dt class="hdlist1">
1783 &lt;type&gt;
1784 </dt>
1785 <dd>
1786 <p>
1787         Indicates that an object type is required.
1788         Currently one of: <tt>blob</tt>, <tt>tree</tt>, <tt>commit</tt>, or <tt>tag</tt>.
1789 </p>
1790 </dd>
1791 <dt class="hdlist1">
1792 &lt;file&gt;
1793 </dt>
1794 <dd>
1795 <p>
1796         Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
1797         root of the tree structure <tt>GIT_INDEX_FILE</tt> describes.
1798 </p>
1799 </dd>
1800 </dl></div>
1801 </div>
1802 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
1803 <div class="sectionbody">
1804 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
1805 symbolic notation:</p></div>
1806 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1807 <dt class="hdlist1">
1808 HEAD
1809 </dt>
1810 <dd>
1811 <p>
1812         indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
1813         contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/HEAD</tt>).
1814 </p>
1815 </dd>
1816 <dt class="hdlist1">
1817 &lt;tag&gt;
1818 </dt>
1819 <dd>
1820 <p>
1821         a valid tag <em>name</em>
1822         (i.e. the contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</tt>).
1823 </p>
1824 </dd>
1825 <dt class="hdlist1">
1826 &lt;head&gt;
1827 </dt>
1828 <dd>
1829 <p>
1830         a valid head <em>name</em>
1831         (i.e. the contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</tt>).
1832 </p>
1833 </dd>
1834 </dl></div>
1835 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
1836 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
1837 </div>
1838 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
1839 <div class="sectionbody">
1840 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
1841 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
1842 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
1843 <tt>$GIT_DIR</tt>.</p></div>
1844 </div>
1845 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
1846 <div class="sectionbody">
1847 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
1848 </div>
1849 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
1850 <div class="sectionbody">
1851 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various git commands use the following environment variables:</p></div>
1852 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The git Repository</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1853 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core git commands. Nb: it
1854 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
1855 git so take care if using Cogito etc.</p></div>
1856 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1857 <dt class="hdlist1">
1858 <em>GIT_INDEX_FILE</em>
1859 </dt>
1860 <dd>
1861 <p>
1862         This environment allows the specification of an alternate
1863         index file. If not specified, the default of <tt>$GIT_DIR/index</tt>
1864         is used.
1865 </p>
1866 </dd>
1867 <dt class="hdlist1">
1868 <em>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</em>
1869 </dt>
1870 <dd>
1871 <p>
1872         If the object storage directory is specified via this
1873         environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
1874         underneath - otherwise the default <tt>$GIT_DIR/objects</tt>
1875         directory is used.
1876 </p>
1877 </dd>
1878 <dt class="hdlist1">
1879 <em>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</em>
1880 </dt>
1881 <dd>
1882 <p>
1883         Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
1884         archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
1885         specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
1886         of git object directories which can be used to search for git
1887         objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
1888 </p>
1889 </dd>
1890 <dt class="hdlist1">
1891 <em>GIT_DIR</em>
1892 </dt>
1893 <dd>
1894 <p>
1895         If the <em>GIT_DIR</em> environment variable is set then it
1896         specifies a path to use instead of the default <tt>.git</tt>
1897         for the base of the repository.
1898 </p>
1899 </dd>
1900 <dt class="hdlist1">
1901 <em>GIT_WORK_TREE</em>
1902 </dt>
1903 <dd>
1904 <p>
1905         Set the path to the working tree.  The value will not be
1906         used in combination with repositories found automatically in
1907         a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
1908         This can also be controlled by the <em>--work-tree</em> command line
1909         option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
1910 </p>
1911 </dd>
1912 <dt class="hdlist1">
1913 <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>
1914 </dt>
1915 <dd>
1916 <p>
1917         This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
1918         If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
1919         up into while looking for a repository directory.
1920         It will not exclude the current working directory or
1921         a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
1922         (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
1923 </p>
1924 </dd>
1925 <dt class="hdlist1">
1926 <em>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</em>
1927 </dt>
1928 <dd>
1929 <p>
1930         When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
1931         directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
1932         directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
1933         does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
1934         can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
1935         boundaries.  Like <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>, this will not affect
1936         an explicit repository directory set via <em>GIT_DIR</em> or on the
1937         command line.
1938 </p>
1939 </dd>
1940 </dl></div>
1941 <h3 id="_git_commits">git Commits</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1942 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1943 <dt class="hdlist1">
1944 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</em>
1945 </dt>
1946 <dt class="hdlist1">
1947 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</em>
1948 </dt>
1949 <dt class="hdlist1">
1950 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</em>
1951 </dt>
1952 <dt class="hdlist1">
1953 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</em>
1954 </dt>
1955 <dt class="hdlist1">
1956 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</em>
1957 </dt>
1958 <dt class="hdlist1">
1959 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</em>
1960 </dt>
1961 <dt class="hdlist1">
1962 <em>EMAIL</em>
1963 </dt>
1964 <dd>
1965 <p>
1966         see <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1967 </p>
1968 </dd>
1969 </dl></div>
1970 <h3 id="_git_diffs">git Diffs</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1971 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1972 <dt class="hdlist1">
1973 <em>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</em>
1974 </dt>
1975 <dd>
1976 <p>
1977         Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
1978         number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
1979         This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
1980         value passed on the git diff command line.
1981 </p>
1982 </dd>
1983 <dt class="hdlist1">
1984 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em>
1985 </dt>
1986 <dd>
1987 <p>
1988         When the environment variable <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is set, the
1989         program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
1990         described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
1991         <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 7 parameters:
1992 </p>
1993 <div class="literalblock">
1994 <div class="content">
1995 <pre><tt>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</tt></pre>
1996 </div></div>
1997 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
1998 </dd>
1999 <dt class="hdlist1">
2000 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
2001 </dt>
2002 <dd>
2003 <p>
2004 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
2005                          contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
2006 </p>
2007 </dd>
2008 <dt class="hdlist1">
2009 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
2010 </dt>
2011 <dd>
2012 <p>
2013 are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
2014 </p>
2015 </dd>
2016 <dt class="hdlist1">
2017 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
2018 </dt>
2019 <dd>
2020 <p>
2021 are the octal representation of the file modes.
2022 </p>
2023 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
2024 (e.g. <tt>new-file</tt> in "git-diff-files"), <tt>/dev/null</tt> (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt>
2025 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt> in the
2026 index).  <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> should not worry about unlinking the
2027 temporary file --- it is removed when <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> exits.</p></div>
2028 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 1
2029 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
2030 </dd>
2031 </dl></div>
2032 <h3 id="_other">other</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2033 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2034 <dt class="hdlist1">
2035 <em>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</em>
2036 </dt>
2037 <dd>
2038 <p>
2039         A number controlling the amount of output shown by
2040         the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
2041         See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
2042 </p>
2043 </dd>
2044 <dt class="hdlist1">
2045 <em>GIT_PAGER</em>
2046 </dt>
2047 <dd>
2048 <p>
2049         This environment variable overrides <tt>$PAGER</tt>. If it is set
2050         to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
2051         a pager.  See also the <tt>core.pager</tt> option in
2052         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2053 </p>
2054 </dd>
2055 <dt class="hdlist1">
2056 <em>GIT_SSH</em>
2057 </dt>
2058 <dd>
2059 <p>
2060         If this environment variable is set then <em>git fetch</em>
2061         and <em>git push</em> will use this command instead
2062         of <em>ssh</em> when they need to connect to a remote system.
2063         The <em>$GIT_SSH</em> command will be given exactly two arguments:
2064         the <em>username@host</em> (or just <em>host</em>) from the URL and the
2065         shell command to execute on that remote system.
2066 </p>
2067 <div class="paragraph"><p>To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
2068 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
2069 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.</p></div>
2070 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
2071 personal <tt>.ssh/config</tt> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
2072 for further details.</p></div>
2073 </dd>
2074 <dt class="hdlist1">
2075 <em>GIT_ASKPASS</em>
2076 </dt>
2077 <dd>
2078 <p>
2079         If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
2080         acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
2081         will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
2082         and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <em>core.askpass</em>
2083         option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2084 </p>
2085 </dd>
2086 <dt class="hdlist1">
2087 <em>GIT_FLUSH</em>
2088 </dt>
2089 <dd>
2090 <p>
2091         If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
2092         as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
2093         and <em>git whatchanged</em> will force a flush of the output stream
2094         after each commit-oriented record have been flushed.   If this
2095         variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
2096         using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
2097         not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
2098         based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
2099 </p>
2100 </dd>
2101 <dt class="hdlist1">
2102 <em>GIT_TRACE</em>
2103 </dt>
2104 <dd>
2105 <p>
2106         If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
2107         is case insensitive), git will print <tt>trace:</tt> messages on
2108         stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
2109         execution and external command execution.
2110         If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
2111         and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
2112         value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
2113         trace messages into this file descriptor.
2114         Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
2115         (starting with a <em>/</em> character), git will interpret this
2116         as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
2117         into it.
2118 </p>
2119 </dd>
2120 </dl></div>
2121 </div>
2122 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
2123 <div class="sectionbody">
2124 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
2125 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
2126 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
2127 <div class="paragraph"><p>A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
2128 subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
2129 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
2130 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
2131 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
2132 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
2133 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
2134 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
2135 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
2136 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
2137 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
2138 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
2139 represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
2140 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
2141 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
2142 written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
2143 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
2144 just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
2145 purpose.</p></div>
2146 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
2147 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
2148 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
2149 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
2150 with names beginning <tt>ref/head/</tt> contain the SHA1 name of the most
2151 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA1 names of
2152 tags of interest are stored under <tt>ref/tags/</tt>.  A special ref named
2153 <tt>HEAD</tt> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
2154 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
2155 path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
2156 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
2157 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
2158 corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
2159 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
2160 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
2161 content stored in the index.</p></div>
2162 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
2163 for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
2164 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
2165 </div>
2166 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
2167 <div class="sectionbody">
2168 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
2169 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
2170 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;. For a more complete list of contributors, see
2171 <a href="http://git-scm.com/about">http://git-scm.com/about</a>. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
2172 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
2173 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
2174 </div>
2175 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
2176 <div class="sectionbody">
2177 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
2178 development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
2179 subscribed to the list to send a message there.</p></div>
2180 </div>
2181 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
2182 <div class="sectionbody">
2183 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
2184 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
2185 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
2186 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
2187 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
2188 </div>
2189 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2190 <div class="sectionbody">
2191 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2192 </div>
2193 <div id="footer">
2194 <div id="footer-text">
2195 Last updated 2011-04-24 18:05:57 UTC
2196 </div>
2197 </div>
2198 </body>
2199 </html>