git-commit-tree.html

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 571 <div id="header">
 572 <h1>
 573 git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
 574 </h1>
 575 <h2>NAME</h2>
 576 <div class="sectionbody">
 577 <p>git-commit-tree -
 578    Create a new commit object
 579 </p>
 580 </div>
 581 </div>
 582 <div id="content">
 583 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 584 <div class="sectionbody">
 585 <div class="verseblock">
 586 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent commit&gt;)&#8230;] &lt; changelog</div>
 587 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
 588 </div></div>
 589 </div>
 590 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 591 <div class="sectionbody">
 592 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
 593 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
 594 <div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
 595 emits the new commit object id on stdout.</p></div>
 596 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
 597 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
 598 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
 599 commits have no parents.</p></div>
 600 <div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
 601 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
 602 to get there.</p></div>
 603 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
 604 doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
 605 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
 606 <tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed
 607 state was.</p></div>
 608 </div>
 609 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 610 <div class="sectionbody">
 611 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 612 <dt class="hdlist1">
 613 &lt;tree&gt;
 614 </dt>
 615 <dd>
 616 <p>
 617         An existing tree object
 618 </p>
 619 </dd>
 620 <dt class="hdlist1">
 621 -p &lt;parent commit&gt;
 622 </dt>
 623 <dd>
 624 <p>
 625         Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
 626 </p>
 627 </dd>
 628 </dl></div>
 629 </div>
 630 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
 631 <div class="sectionbody">
 632 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
 633 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 634 <li>
 635 <p>
 636 all parent object ids
 637 </p>
 638 </li>
 639 <li>
 640 <p>
 641 author name, email and date
 642 </p>
 643 </li>
 644 <li>
 645 <p>
 646 committer name and email and the commit time.
 647 </p>
 648 </li>
 649 </ul></div>
 650 <div class="paragraph"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
 651 committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
 652 if set:</p></div>
 653 <div class="literalblock">
 654 <div class="content">
 655 <pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
 656 GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
 657 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
 658 GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
 659 GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
 660 GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 661 EMAIL</tt></pre>
 662 </div></div>
 663 <div class="paragraph"><p>(nb "&lt;", "&gt;" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
 664 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
 665 is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
 666 present, system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken
 667 from <tt>/etc/mailname</tt> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when
 668 that file does not exist).</p></div>
 669 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
 670 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
 671 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
 672 </div>
 673 <h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
 674 <div class="sectionbody">
 675 <div class="paragraph"><p>The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables
 676 support the following date formats:</p></div>
 677 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 678 <dt class="hdlist1">
 679 Git internal format
 680 </dt>
 681 <dd>
 682 <p>
 683         It is <tt>&lt;unix timestamp&gt; &lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt>, where <tt>&lt;unix
 684         timestamp&gt;</tt> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
 685         <tt>&lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
 686         For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is <tt>+0200</tt>.
 687 </p>
 688 </dd>
 689 <dt class="hdlist1">
 690 RFC 2822
 691 </dt>
 692 <dd>
 693 <p>
 694         The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
 695         <tt>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</tt>.
 696 </p>
 697 </dd>
 698 <dt class="hdlist1">
 699 ISO 8601
 700 </dt>
 701 <dd>
 702 <p>
 703         Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
 704         <tt>2005-04-07T22:13:13</tt>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
 705         <tt>T</tt> character as well.
 706 </p>
 707 <div class="admonitionblock">
 708 <table><tr>
 709 <td class="icon">
 710 <div class="title">Note</div>
 711 </td>
 712 <td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
 713 <tt>YYYY.MM.DD</tt>, <tt>MM/DD/YYYY</tt> and <tt>DD.MM.YYYY</tt>.</td>
 714 </tr></table>
 715 </div>
 716 </dd>
 717 </dl></div>
 718 </div>
 719 <h2 id="_diagnostics">Diagnostics</h2>
 720 <div class="sectionbody">
 721 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 722 <dt class="hdlist1">
 723 You don&#8217;t exist. Go away!
 724 </dt>
 725 <dd>
 726 <p>
 727     The passwd(5) gecos field couldn&#8217;t be read
 728 </p>
 729 </dd>
 730 <dt class="hdlist1">
 731 Your parents must have hated you!
 732 </dt>
 733 <dd>
 734 <p>
 735     The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.
 736 </p>
 737 </dd>
 738 <dt class="hdlist1">
 739 Your sysadmin must hate you!
 740 </dt>
 741 <dd>
 742 <p>
 743     The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.
 744 </p>
 745 </dd>
 746 </dl></div>
 747 </div>
 748 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 749 <div class="sectionbody">
 750 <div class="paragraph"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 751 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 752 <li>
 753 <p>
 754 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
 755    are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
 756    What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
 757    with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
 758    to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts.  There is no such
 759    thing as pathname encoding translation.
 760 </p>
 761 </li>
 762 <li>
 763 <p>
 764 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
 765    of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
 766    level.
 767 </p>
 768 </li>
 769 <li>
 770 <p>
 771 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
 772    bytes.
 773 </p>
 774 </li>
 775 </ul></div>
 776 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 777 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 778 force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
 779 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 780 does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
 781 mind.</p></div>
 782 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 783 <li>
 784 <p>
 785 <em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
 786   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
 787   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
 788   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
 789   have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 790 </p>
 791 <div class="listingblock">
 792 <div class="content">
 793 <pre><tt>[i18n]
 794         commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 795 </div></div>
 796 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 797 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header.  This is to
 798 help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
 799 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 800 </li>
 801 <li>
 802 <p>
 803 <em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
 804   <tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
 805   log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
 806   specify the desired output encoding with
 807   <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 808 </p>
 809 <div class="listingblock">
 810 <div class="content">
 811 <pre><tt>[i18n]
 812         logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 813 </div></div>
 814 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 815 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
 816 </li>
 817 </ol></div>
 818 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 819 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 820 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 821 reversible operation.</p></div>
 822 </div>
 823 <h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
 824 <div class="sectionbody">
 825 <div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
 826 </div>
 827 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 828 <div class="sectionbody">
 829 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
 830 </div>
 831 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 832 <div class="sectionbody">
 833 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 834 </div>
 835 </div>
 836 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
 837 <div id="footer">
 838 <div id="footer-text">
 839 Last updated 2011-10-13 22:57:58 PDT
 840 </div>
 841 </div>
 842 </body>
 843 </html>