6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.0.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.2]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
51 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
53 * link:v1.5.6.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.5]
56 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
57 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
58 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
59 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
60 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
61 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
63 * link:v1.5.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.4]
66 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
67 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
68 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
69 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
70 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
72 * link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5]
75 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
76 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
77 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
78 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
79 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
80 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
82 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
85 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
86 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
87 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
88 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
89 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
90 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
91 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
92 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
93 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
95 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
98 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
99 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
100 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
101 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
102 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
103 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
105 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
108 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
109 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
110 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
114 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
116 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
120 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
121 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
127 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
128 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
129 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
130 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
139 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
142 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
143 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
144 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
145 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
147 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
148 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
149 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
153 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
154 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
155 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
156 the current setting and then exit.
160 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
163 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
166 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
167 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
168 path or relative path to current working directory.
171 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
172 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
173 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
174 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
175 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
176 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
177 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
178 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
179 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
180 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
181 of your working tree.
184 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
185 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
189 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
190 ---------------------
192 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
193 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
195 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
196 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
197 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
199 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
202 The internals are documented in the
203 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
208 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
209 ("plumbing") commands.
211 High-level commands (porcelain)
212 -------------------------------
214 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
215 ancillary user utilities.
217 Main porcelain commands
218 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
220 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
226 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
230 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
233 Interacting with Others
234 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
236 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
237 people via patch over e-mail.
239 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
242 Low-level commands (plumbing)
243 -----------------------------
245 Although git includes its
246 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
247 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
248 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
249 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
251 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
252 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
253 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
254 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
255 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
258 The following description divides
259 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
260 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
261 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
265 Manipulation commands
266 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
268 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
271 Interrogation commands
272 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
274 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
276 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
280 Synching repositories
281 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
283 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
285 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
286 typically do not use them directly.
288 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
291 Internal helper commands
292 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
294 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
295 users typically do not use them directly.
297 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
300 Configuration Mechanism
301 -----------------------
303 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
304 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
305 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
306 people. Here is an example:
310 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
315 ; Don't trust file modes
320 name = "Junio C Hamano"
321 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
325 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
326 their operation accordingly.
329 Identifier Terminology
330 ----------------------
332 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
335 Indicates a blob object name.
338 Indicates a tree object name.
341 Indicates a commit object name.
344 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
345 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
346 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
347 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
350 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
351 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
352 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
353 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
356 Indicates that an object type is required.
357 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
360 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
361 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
365 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
369 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
370 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
374 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
378 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
380 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
381 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
384 File/Directory Structure
385 ------------------------
387 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
389 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
391 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
397 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
400 Environment Variables
401 ---------------------
402 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
406 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
407 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
408 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
411 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
412 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
415 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
416 If the object storage directory is specified via this
417 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
418 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
421 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
422 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
423 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
424 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
425 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
426 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
429 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
430 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
431 for the base of the repository.
434 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
435 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
436 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
437 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
438 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
440 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
441 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
442 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
443 up into while looking for a repository directory.
444 It will not exclude the current working directory or
445 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
446 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
453 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
454 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
455 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
457 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
462 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
463 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
464 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
465 value passed on the git diff command line.
467 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
468 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
469 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
470 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
471 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
473 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
477 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
478 contents of <old|new>,
479 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
480 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
483 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
484 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
485 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
486 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
487 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
489 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
494 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
495 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
496 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
497 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
500 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
501 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
502 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
503 linkgit:git-config[1].
506 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
507 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
508 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
509 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
510 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
511 shell command to execute on that remote system.
513 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
514 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
515 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
517 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
518 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
522 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
523 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
524 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
525 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
526 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
527 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
528 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
529 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
532 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
533 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
534 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
535 execution and external command execution.
536 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
537 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
538 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
539 trace messages into this file descriptor.
540 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
541 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
542 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
545 Discussion[[Discussion]]
546 ------------------------
548 More detail on the following is available from the
549 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
550 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
552 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
553 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
554 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
555 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
556 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
557 as tags and branch heads.
559 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
560 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
561 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
562 and some number of parent commits.
564 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
565 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
566 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
567 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
569 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
570 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
571 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
572 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
575 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
576 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
578 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
579 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
580 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
581 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
582 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
583 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
585 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
586 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
587 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
588 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
589 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
590 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
591 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
592 content stored in the index.
594 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
595 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
596 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
600 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
601 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
602 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
603 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
607 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
608 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
609 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
613 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
614 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
615 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
616 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
620 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite