4 A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
5 commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1'
6 syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
7 ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
8 blobs contained in a commit.
10 '<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
11 The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
12 a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
13 E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
14 name the same commit object if there is no other object in
15 your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
17 '<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
18 Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
19 followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
20 'g', and an abbreviated object name.
22 '<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
23 A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
24 object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you
25 happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
26 explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean.
27 When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the
28 first match in the following rules:
30 . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
31 useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD`
32 and `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`);
34 . otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists;
36 . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists;
38 . otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists;
40 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists;
42 . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists.
44 `HEAD` names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
45 `FETCH_HEAD` records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
46 with your last `git fetch` invocation.
47 `ORIG_HEAD` is created by commands that move your `HEAD` in a drastic
48 way, to record the position of the `HEAD` before their operation, so that
49 you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
51 `MERGE_HEAD` records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
52 when you run `git merge`.
53 `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD` records the commit which you are cherry-picking
54 when you run `git cherry-pick`.
56 Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
57 the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file.
58 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
59 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.
62 '@' alone is a shortcut for `HEAD`.
64 '<refname>@{<date>}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@{5 minutes ago}'::
65 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
67 pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
68 second ago}' or '{1979-02-26 18:30:00}') specifies the value
69 of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be
70 used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
71 existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state
72 of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
73 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
74 certain times, see `--since` and `--until`.
76 '<refname>@{<n>}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
77 A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
78 enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies
79 the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
80 is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
81 is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
82 immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
83 log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').
85 '@{<n>}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
86 You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
87 reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
88 branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
90 '@{-<n>}', e.g. '@{-1}'::
91 The construct '@{-<n>}' means the <n>th branch/commit checked out
92 before the current one.
94 '<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
95 The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}')
96 refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on
97 top of (configured with `branch.<name>.remote` and
98 `branch.<name>.merge`). A missing branchname defaults to the
101 '<branchname>@\{push\}', e.g. 'master@\{push\}', '@\{push\}'::
102 The suffix '@\{push}' reports the branch "where we would push to" if
103 `git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current
104 `HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Since our push destination is
105 in a remote repository, of course, we report the local tracking branch
106 that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in 'refs/remotes/').
108 Here's an example to make it more clear:
110 ------------------------------
111 $ git config push.default current
112 $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
113 $ git checkout -b mybranch origin/master
115 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
116 refs/remotes/origin/master
118 $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
119 refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch
120 ------------------------------
122 Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
123 from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
124 '@\{push}' is the same as '@\{upstream}', and there is no need for it.
126 '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
127 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
128 that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
130 is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule,
131 '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
132 object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
134 '<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3'::
135 A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
136 object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named
137 commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
138 equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
139 '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of
140 the usage of this form.
142 '<rev>{caret}{<type>}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
143 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
144 brace pair means dereference the object at '<rev>' recursively until
145 an object of type '<type>' is found or the object cannot be
146 dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
147 For example, if '<rev>' is a commit-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'
148 describes the corresponding commit object.
149 Similarly, if '<rev>' is a tree-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{tree\}'
150 describes the corresponding tree object.
152 is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
154 'rev{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure 'rev' names an
155 object that exists, without requiring 'rev' to be a tag, and
156 without dereferencing 'rev'; because a tag is already an object,
157 it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.
159 'rev{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that 'rev' identifies an
162 '<rev>{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}{}'::
163 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
164 means the object could be a tag,
165 and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
168 '<rev>{caret}{/<text>}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
169 A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
170 pair that contains a text led by a slash,
171 is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
172 it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
173 the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.
175 ':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
176 A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
177 a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
178 This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
179 reachable from any ref. The regular expression can match any part of the
180 commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
181 e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what
182 is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a
183 literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with
184 ':/!' is reserved for now.
186 '<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README'::
187 A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
188 at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
190 ':path' (with an empty part before the colon)
191 is a special case of the syntax described next: content
192 recorded in the index at the given path.
193 A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory.
194 The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory.
195 This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
196 the same tree structure as the working tree.
198 ':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
199 A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
200 colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
201 index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
202 that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
203 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
204 (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
205 the branch which is being merged.
207 Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B
208 and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered
211 ........................................
222 ........................................
227 D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2
230 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
231 H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2
232 I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^
233 J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2
239 History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
240 of commits, not just a single commit.
243 specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
244 previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given
247 A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
254 '{caret}<rev>' (caret) Notation::
255 To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
256 notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
257 from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and
260 Dotted Range Notations
261 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
263 The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation::
264 The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
265 for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
266 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
267 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
268 from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.
270 The '...' (three dot) Symmetric Difference Notation::
271 A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
272 of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
273 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
274 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
275 'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both.
277 In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
278 For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
279 did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin'
280 is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
281 I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
282 empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.
284 Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations
285 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
286 Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
287 for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.
289 The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'.
291 The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents.
292 By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'.
294 The '<rev>{caret}-{<n>}' notation includes '<rev>' but excludes the <n>th
295 parent (i.e. a shorthand for '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>'), with '<n>' = 1 if
296 not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
297 can just pass '<commit>{caret}-' to get all the commits in the branch
298 that was merged in merge commit '<commit>' (including '<commit>'
301 While '<rev>{caret}<n>' was about specifying a single commit parent, these
302 three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
303 'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'.
305 Revision Range Summary
306 ----------------------
309 Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
313 Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
317 Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
318 those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or
319 <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.
322 Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or
323 <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When
324 either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.
326 '<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@'::
327 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing
328 all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from
329 its parents, but not the commit itself).
331 '<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
332 A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
333 as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
334 '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
336 '<rev>{caret}-{<n>}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2'::
337 Equivalent to '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>', with '<n>' = 1 if not
340 Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
341 with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully
344 Args Expanded arguments Selected commits
352 B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C
358 = D E F D G H E F I J
365 F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F