6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
52 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
55 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
62 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
65 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
72 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
82 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
91 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
105 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
108 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
109 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
110 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
111 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
113 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
116 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
117 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
118 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
119 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
120 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
124 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
125 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
127 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
130 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
137 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
140 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
147 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
154 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
157 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
162 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
170 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
171 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
173 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
176 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
177 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
178 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
179 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
180 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
181 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
182 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
184 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
187 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
188 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
195 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
198 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
199 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
200 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
207 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
210 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
211 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
212 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
213 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
220 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
230 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
241 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
252 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
253 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
254 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
255 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
264 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
267 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
268 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
269 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
270 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
272 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
273 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
274 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
278 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
279 given will override values from configuration files.
280 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
281 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
283 --exec-path[=<path>]::
284 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
285 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
286 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
287 the current setting and then exit.
290 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
295 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
296 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
297 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
301 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
304 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
305 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
306 path or relative path to current working directory.
309 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
310 or a path relative to the current working directory.
311 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
312 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
313 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
314 more detailed discussion).
317 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
318 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
321 --no-replace-objects::
322 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
323 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
326 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
327 ---------------------
329 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
330 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
332 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
333 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
334 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
336 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
338 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
341 The internals are documented in the
342 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
347 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
348 ("plumbing") commands.
350 High-level commands (porcelain)
351 -------------------------------
353 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
354 ancillary user utilities.
356 Main porcelain commands
357 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
359 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
365 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
369 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
372 Interacting with Others
373 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
375 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
376 people via patch over e-mail.
378 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
381 Low-level commands (plumbing)
382 -----------------------------
384 Although git includes its
385 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
386 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
387 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
388 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
390 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
391 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
392 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
393 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
394 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
397 The following description divides
398 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
399 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
400 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
404 Manipulation commands
405 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
407 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
410 Interrogation commands
411 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
413 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
415 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
419 Synching repositories
420 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
422 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
424 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
425 typically do not use them directly.
427 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
430 Internal helper commands
431 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
433 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
434 users typically do not use them directly.
436 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
439 Configuration Mechanism
440 -----------------------
442 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
443 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
444 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
445 people. Here is an example:
449 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
454 ; Don't trust file modes
459 name = "Junio C Hamano"
460 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
464 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
465 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
469 Identifier Terminology
470 ----------------------
472 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
475 Indicates a blob object name.
478 Indicates a tree object name.
481 Indicates a commit object name.
484 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
485 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
486 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
487 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
490 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
491 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
492 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
493 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
496 Indicates that an object type is required.
497 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
500 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
501 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
505 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
509 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
510 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
514 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
518 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
520 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
521 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
524 File/Directory Structure
525 ------------------------
527 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
529 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
531 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
537 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
540 Environment Variables
541 ---------------------
542 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
546 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
547 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
548 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
551 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
552 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
555 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
556 If the object storage directory is specified via this
557 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
558 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
561 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
562 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
563 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
564 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
565 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
566 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
569 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
570 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
571 for the base of the repository.
574 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
575 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
576 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
577 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
578 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
580 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
581 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
582 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
583 up into while looking for a repository directory.
584 It will not exclude the current working directory or
585 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
586 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
588 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
589 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
590 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
591 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
592 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
593 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
594 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
595 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
603 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
604 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
605 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
607 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
612 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
613 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
614 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
615 value passed on the git diff command line.
617 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
618 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
619 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
620 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
621 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
623 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
627 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
628 contents of <old|new>,
629 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
630 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
632 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
633 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
634 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
635 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
636 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
638 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
643 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
644 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
645 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
646 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
649 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
650 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
651 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
652 linkgit:git-config[1].
655 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
656 and 'git push' will use this command instead
657 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
658 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
659 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
660 shell command to execute on that remote system.
662 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
663 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
664 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
666 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
667 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
671 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
672 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
673 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
674 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
675 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
678 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
679 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
680 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
681 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
682 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
683 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
684 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
685 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
688 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
689 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
690 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
691 execution and external command execution.
692 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
693 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
694 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
695 trace messages into this file descriptor.
696 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
697 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
698 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
701 Discussion[[Discussion]]
702 ------------------------
704 More detail on the following is available from the
705 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
706 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
708 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
709 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
710 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
711 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
712 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
713 as tags and branch heads.
715 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
716 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
717 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
718 and some number of parent commits.
720 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
721 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
722 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
723 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
725 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
726 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
727 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
728 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
731 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
732 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
734 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
735 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
736 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
737 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
738 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
739 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
741 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
742 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
743 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
744 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
745 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
746 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
747 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
748 content stored in the index.
750 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
751 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
752 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
756 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
757 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
758 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
759 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
760 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
761 the authors for specific parts of the project.
766 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
767 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
768 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
772 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
773 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
774 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
775 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
776 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
780 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite