6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.7.0/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0]
49 link:RelNotes-1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
51 * link:v1.6.6.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.2]
54 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
55 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
56 link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
58 * link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8]
61 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
62 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
63 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
64 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
65 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
66 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
67 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
68 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
69 link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
71 * link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4]
74 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
75 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
76 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
77 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
78 link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
80 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
83 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
84 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
85 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
86 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
87 link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
90 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
91 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
92 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
93 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
94 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
95 link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
97 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
100 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
101 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
102 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
103 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
105 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
108 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
109 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
110 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
111 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
112 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
113 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
114 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
116 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
120 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
121 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
125 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
127 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
130 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
131 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
132 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
133 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
134 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
135 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
136 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
138 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
141 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
142 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
143 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
144 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
145 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
146 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
147 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
148 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
150 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
153 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
154 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
155 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
156 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
157 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
158 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
159 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
160 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
161 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
163 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
166 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
167 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
168 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
169 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
170 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
171 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
173 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
176 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
177 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
178 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
179 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
180 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
181 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
182 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
184 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
187 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
188 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
189 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
190 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
191 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
192 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
193 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
195 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
196 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
197 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
198 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
207 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
210 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
211 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
212 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
213 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
215 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
216 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
217 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
221 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
222 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
223 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
224 the current setting and then exit.
227 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
232 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
235 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
238 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
239 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
240 path or relative path to current working directory.
243 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
244 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
245 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
246 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
247 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
248 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
249 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
250 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
251 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
252 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
253 of your working tree.
256 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
257 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
260 --no-replace-objects::
261 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
262 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
265 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
266 ---------------------
268 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
269 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
271 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
272 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
273 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
275 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
277 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
280 The internals are documented in the
281 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
286 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
287 ("plumbing") commands.
289 High-level commands (porcelain)
290 -------------------------------
292 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
293 ancillary user utilities.
295 Main porcelain commands
296 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
298 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
304 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
308 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
311 Interacting with Others
312 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
314 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
315 people via patch over e-mail.
317 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
320 Low-level commands (plumbing)
321 -----------------------------
323 Although git includes its
324 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
325 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
326 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
327 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
329 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
330 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
331 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
332 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
333 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
336 The following description divides
337 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
338 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
339 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
343 Manipulation commands
344 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
346 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
349 Interrogation commands
350 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
352 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
354 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
358 Synching repositories
359 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
361 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
363 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
364 typically do not use them directly.
366 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
369 Internal helper commands
370 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
372 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
373 users typically do not use them directly.
375 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
378 Configuration Mechanism
379 -----------------------
381 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
382 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
383 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
384 people. Here is an example:
388 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
393 ; Don't trust file modes
398 name = "Junio C Hamano"
399 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
403 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
404 their operation accordingly.
407 Identifier Terminology
408 ----------------------
410 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
413 Indicates a blob object name.
416 Indicates a tree object name.
419 Indicates a commit object name.
422 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
423 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
424 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
425 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
428 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
429 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
430 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
431 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
434 Indicates that an object type is required.
435 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
438 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
439 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
443 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
447 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
448 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
452 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
456 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
458 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
459 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
462 File/Directory Structure
463 ------------------------
465 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
467 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
469 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
475 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
478 Environment Variables
479 ---------------------
480 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
484 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
485 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
486 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
489 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
490 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
493 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
494 If the object storage directory is specified via this
495 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
496 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
499 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
500 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
501 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
502 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
503 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
504 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
507 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
508 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
509 for the base of the repository.
512 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
513 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
514 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
515 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
516 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
518 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
519 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
520 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
521 up into while looking for a repository directory.
522 It will not exclude the current working directory or
523 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
524 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
531 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
532 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
533 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
535 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
540 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
541 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
542 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
543 value passed on the git diff command line.
545 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
546 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
547 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
548 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
549 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
551 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
555 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
556 contents of <old|new>,
557 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
558 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
561 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
562 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
563 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
564 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
565 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
567 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
572 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
573 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
574 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
575 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
578 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
579 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
580 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
581 linkgit:git-config[1].
584 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
585 and 'git push' will use this command instead
586 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
587 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
588 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
589 shell command to execute on that remote system.
591 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
592 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
593 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
595 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
596 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
600 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
601 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
602 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
603 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
604 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
605 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
606 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
607 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
610 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
611 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
612 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
613 execution and external command execution.
614 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
615 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
616 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
617 trace messages into this file descriptor.
618 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
619 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
620 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
623 Discussion[[Discussion]]
624 ------------------------
626 More detail on the following is available from the
627 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
628 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
630 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
631 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
632 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
633 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
634 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
635 as tags and branch heads.
637 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
638 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
639 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
640 and some number of parent commits.
642 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
643 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
644 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
645 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
647 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
648 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
649 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
650 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
653 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
654 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
656 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
657 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
658 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
659 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
660 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
661 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
663 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
664 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
665 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
666 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
667 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
668 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
669 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
670 content stored in the index.
672 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
673 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
674 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
678 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
679 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
680 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
681 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
685 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
686 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
687 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
691 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
692 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
693 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
694 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
695 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
699 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite