6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.2.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2].
50 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1].
51 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
53 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
60 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
61 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
62 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
64 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
68 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
69 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
70 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
72 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
81 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
93 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
103 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
115 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
126 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
138 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
149 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
158 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
168 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
178 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
184 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
185 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
186 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
188 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
193 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
194 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
195 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
197 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
207 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
208 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
209 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
211 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
216 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
217 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
219 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
231 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
233 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
243 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
256 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
257 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
258 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
260 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
264 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
265 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
266 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
268 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
275 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
276 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
277 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
279 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
286 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
287 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
290 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
297 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
298 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
299 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
301 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
309 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
310 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
313 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
326 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
332 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
333 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
334 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
336 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
343 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
344 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
345 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
347 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
353 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
354 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
355 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
356 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
358 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
359 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
360 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
361 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
370 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
373 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
374 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
375 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
376 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
378 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
379 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
380 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
384 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
385 given will override values from configuration files.
386 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
387 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
389 --exec-path[=<path>]::
390 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
391 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
392 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
393 the current setting and then exit.
396 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
397 documentation is installed and exit.
400 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
401 this version of Git and exit.
404 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
405 version of Git are installed and exit.
409 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
410 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
411 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
415 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
418 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
419 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
420 path or relative path to current working directory.
423 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
424 or a path relative to the current working directory.
425 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
426 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
427 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
428 more detailed discussion).
431 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
432 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
436 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
437 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
440 --no-replace-objects::
441 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
442 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
444 --literal-pathspecs::
445 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
446 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
453 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
454 ("plumbing") commands.
456 High-level commands (porcelain)
457 -------------------------------
459 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
460 ancillary user utilities.
462 Main porcelain commands
463 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
465 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
471 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
475 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
478 Interacting with Others
479 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
481 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
482 people via patch over e-mail.
484 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
487 Low-level commands (plumbing)
488 -----------------------------
490 Although Git includes its
491 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
492 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
493 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
494 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
496 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
497 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
498 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
499 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
500 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
503 The following description divides
504 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
505 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
506 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
510 Manipulation commands
511 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
513 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
516 Interrogation commands
517 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
519 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
521 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
525 Synching repositories
526 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
528 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
530 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
531 typically do not use them directly.
533 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
536 Internal helper commands
537 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
539 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
540 users typically do not use them directly.
542 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
545 Configuration Mechanism
546 -----------------------
548 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
549 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
554 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
559 ; Don't trust file modes
564 name = "Junio C Hamano"
565 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
569 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
570 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
571 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
574 Identifier Terminology
575 ----------------------
577 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
580 Indicates a blob object name.
583 Indicates a tree object name.
586 Indicates a commit object name.
589 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
590 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
591 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
592 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
595 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
596 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
597 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
598 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
601 Indicates that an object type is required.
602 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
605 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
606 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
610 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
614 indicates the head of the current branch.
618 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
622 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
624 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
625 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
628 File/Directory Structure
629 ------------------------
631 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
633 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
635 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
641 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
644 Environment Variables
645 ---------------------
646 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
650 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
651 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
652 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
655 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
656 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
659 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
660 If the object storage directory is specified via this
661 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
662 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
665 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
666 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
667 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
668 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
669 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
670 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
673 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
674 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
675 for the base of the repository.
676 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
679 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
680 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
681 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
682 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
683 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
686 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
687 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
689 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
690 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
691 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
692 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
693 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
694 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
695 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
696 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
697 might be present in order to compare them with the current
698 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
699 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
700 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
702 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
704 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
705 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
706 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
707 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
708 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
709 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
710 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
711 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
719 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
720 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
721 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
723 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
728 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
729 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
730 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
731 value passed on the Git diff command line.
733 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
734 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
735 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
736 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
737 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
739 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
743 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
744 contents of <old|new>,
745 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
746 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
748 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
749 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
750 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
751 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
752 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
754 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
759 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
760 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
761 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
762 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
765 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
766 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
767 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
768 linkgit:git-config[1].
771 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
772 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
773 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
774 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
777 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
778 and 'git push' will use this command instead
779 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
780 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
781 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
782 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
783 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
784 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
785 than the default SSH port.
787 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
788 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
789 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
791 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
792 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
796 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
797 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
798 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
799 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
800 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
802 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
803 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
804 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
805 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
806 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
807 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
808 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
811 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
812 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
813 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
814 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
815 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
816 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
817 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
818 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
821 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
822 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
823 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
824 execution and external command execution.
825 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
826 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
827 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
828 trace messages into this file descriptor.
829 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
830 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
831 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
834 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
835 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
836 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
837 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
838 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
839 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
840 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
841 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
844 Discussion[[Discussion]]
845 ------------------------
847 More detail on the following is available from the
848 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
849 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
851 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
852 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
853 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
854 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
855 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
856 as tags and branch heads.
858 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
859 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
860 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
861 and some number of parent commits.
863 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
864 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
865 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
866 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
868 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
869 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
870 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
871 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
874 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
875 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
877 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
878 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
879 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
880 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
881 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
882 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
884 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
885 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
886 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
887 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
888 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
889 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
890 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
891 content stored in the index.
893 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
894 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
895 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
897 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
898 ---------------------
900 See the references in the "description" section to get started
901 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
902 for a first-time user.
904 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
905 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
906 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
908 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
910 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
913 The internals are documented in the
914 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
916 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
917 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
922 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
923 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
924 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
925 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
927 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
928 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
929 the authors for specific parts of the project.
934 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
935 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
936 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
940 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
941 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
942 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
943 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
944 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
948 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite