6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [-p|--paginate]
13 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
17 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
18 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
19 and full access to internals.
21 See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see
22 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
23 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
24 also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration].
26 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
27 as defined in the configuration file (see gitlink:git-repo-config[1]).
32 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
35 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
36 commands. If a git command is named this option will bring up
37 the man-page for that command. If the option '--all' or '-a' is
38 given then all available commands are printed.
41 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
42 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
43 environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
44 the current setting and then exit.
47 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
50 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
51 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable.
54 Same as --git-dir=`pwd`.
59 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
60 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
62 The <<Discussion,Discussion>> section below and the
63 link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide introductions to the
64 underlying git architecture.
66 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
72 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
73 ("plumbing") commands.
75 Low-level commands (plumbing)
76 -----------------------------
78 Although git includes its
79 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
80 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
81 might start by reading about gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
82 gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
84 We divide the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
85 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
86 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
91 gitlink:git-apply[1]::
92 Reads a "diff -up1" or git generated patch file and
93 applies it to the working tree.
95 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
96 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
98 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
99 Creates a new commit object.
101 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
102 Computes the object ID from a file.
104 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
105 Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
107 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
108 Creates an empty git object database, or reinitialize an
111 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
112 Runs a merge for files needing merging.
114 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
115 Creates a tag object.
117 gitlink:git-mktree[1]::
118 Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
120 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
121 Creates a packed archive of objects.
123 gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
124 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
126 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
127 Reads tree information into the index.
129 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
130 Get and set options in .git/config.
132 gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
133 Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
135 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
136 Registers files in the working tree to the index.
138 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
139 Creates a tree from the index.
142 Interrogation commands
143 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
145 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
146 Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
148 gitlink:git-describe[1]::
149 Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
151 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
152 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
154 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
155 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
157 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
158 Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
160 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
161 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
163 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
164 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
166 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
167 Information about files in the index and the working tree.
169 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
170 Displays a tree object in human readable form.
172 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
173 Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
175 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
176 Find symbolic names for given revs.
178 gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
179 Find redundant pack files.
181 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
182 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
184 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
185 Displays contents of a pack idx file.
187 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
188 Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
190 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
191 Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
194 Displays a git logical variable.
196 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
197 Validates packed git archive files.
199 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
203 Synching repositories
204 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
206 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
207 Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
210 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
211 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
214 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
215 Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
216 walking commit chain.
218 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
219 Lists references on a remote repository using
220 upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
223 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
224 Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
226 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
227 Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
229 gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
230 Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
232 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
233 Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
235 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
236 Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
237 walking commit chain.
239 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
240 Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
242 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
243 Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
244 clients discover references and packs on it.
246 gitlink:git-upload-pack[1]::
247 Invoked by 'git-fetch-pack' to push
250 gitlink:git-upload-tar[1]::
251 Invoked by 'git-tar-tree --remote' to return the tar
252 archive the other end asked for.
255 High-level commands (porcelain)
256 -------------------------------
258 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
259 ancillary user utilities.
261 Main porcelain commands
262 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
265 Add paths to the index.
268 Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
270 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
271 Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
273 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
274 Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
276 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
277 Create and Show branches.
279 gitlink:git-checkout[1]::
280 Checkout and switch to a branch.
282 gitlink:git-cherry-pick[1]::
283 Cherry-pick the effect of an existing commit.
285 gitlink:git-clean[1]::
286 Remove untracked files from the working tree.
288 gitlink:git-clone[1]::
289 Clones a repository into a new directory.
291 gitlink:git-commit[1]::
292 Record changes to the repository.
294 gitlink:git-diff[1]::
295 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
297 gitlink:git-fetch[1]::
298 Download from a remote repository via various protocols.
300 gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
301 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
303 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
304 Print lines matching a pattern.
309 gitlink:git-ls-remote[1]::
310 Shows references in a remote or local repository.
312 gitlink:git-merge[1]::
313 Grand unified merge driver.
316 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
318 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
319 Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
321 gitlink:git-push[1]::
322 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
324 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
325 Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
327 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
328 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
330 gitlink:git-rerere[1]::
331 Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
333 gitlink:git-reset[1]::
334 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
336 gitlink:git-resolve[1]::
339 gitlink:git-revert[1]::
340 Revert an existing commit.
343 Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
345 gitlink:git-shortlog[1]::
346 Summarizes 'git log' output.
348 gitlink:git-show[1]::
349 Show one commit log and its diff.
351 gitlink:git-show-branch[1]::
352 Show branches and their commits.
354 gitlink:git-status[1]::
355 Shows the working tree status.
357 gitlink:git-verify-tag[1]::
358 Check the GPG signature of tag.
360 gitlink:git-whatchanged[1]::
361 Shows commit logs and differences they introduce.
368 gitlink:git-applypatch[1]::
369 Apply one patch extracted from an e-mail.
371 gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
372 Import an arch repository into git.
374 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
375 Converts old-style git repository.
377 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
378 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
380 gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
381 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
383 gitlink:git-cvsserver[1]::
384 A CVS server emulator for git.
386 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
387 Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
389 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
390 The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
392 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
393 Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
395 gitlink:git-quiltimport[1]::
396 Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
398 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
399 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
402 Bidirectional operation between a single Subversion branch and git.
404 gitlink:git-svnimport[1]::
405 Import a SVN repository into git.
407 gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
408 Common git shell script setup code.
410 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
411 Read and modify symbolic refs.
414 An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
416 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
417 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
422 gitlink:git-annotate[1]::
423 Annotate file lines with commit info.
425 gitlink:git-blame[1]::
426 Blame file lines on commits.
428 gitlink:git-check-ref-format[1]::
429 Make sure ref name is well formed.
431 gitlink:git-cherry[1]::
432 Find commits not merged upstream.
434 gitlink:git-count-objects[1]::
435 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
437 gitlink:git-daemon[1]::
438 A really simple server for git repositories.
440 gitlink:git-fmt-merge-msg[1]::
441 Produce a merge commit message.
443 gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
444 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
446 gitlink:git-imap-send[1]::
447 Dump a mailbox from stdin into an imap folder.
449 gitlink:git-instaweb[1]::
450 Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
452 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
453 Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
454 e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
457 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
458 A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
459 individual pieces of e-mail.
461 gitlink:git-merge-tree[1]::
462 Show three-way merge without touching index.
464 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
465 Compute unique ID for a patch.
467 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
468 Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
470 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
473 gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]::
474 Pick out and massage parameters.
476 gitlink:git-send-email[1]::
477 Send patch e-mails out of "format-patch --mbox" output.
479 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
480 Read and modify symbolic refs.
482 gitlink:git-stripspace[1]::
483 Filter out empty lines.
486 Commands not yet documented
487 ---------------------------
490 The gitk repository browser.
493 Configuration Mechanism
494 -----------------------
496 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
497 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
498 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
499 people. Here is an example:
503 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
508 ; Don't trust file modes
513 name = "Junio C Hamano"
514 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
518 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
519 their operation accordingly.
522 Identifier Terminology
523 ----------------------
525 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
528 Indicates a blob object name.
531 Indicates a tree object name.
534 Indicates a commit object name.
537 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
538 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
539 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
540 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
543 Indicates that an object type is required.
544 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
547 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
548 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
552 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
556 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
557 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
561 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
565 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
568 File/Directory Structure
569 ------------------------
571 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
573 Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook.
575 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
581 Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
584 Environment Variables
585 ---------------------
586 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
590 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
591 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
592 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
595 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
596 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
599 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
600 If the object storage directory is specified via this
601 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
602 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
605 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
606 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
607 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
608 specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which
609 can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be
610 written to these directories.
613 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
614 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
615 for the base of the repository.
622 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
623 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
624 see gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]
629 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
630 see the "generating patches" section in :
631 gitlink:git-diff-index[1];
632 gitlink:git-diff-files[1];
633 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]
638 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`.
641 If this variable is set git will print `trace:` messages on
642 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
643 execution and external command execution.
645 Discussion[[Discussion]]
646 ------------------------
651 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
652 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
653 * The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
654 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
658 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
659 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
660 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
664 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite